Corrections

I get things wrong sometimes, and when I do, I fix it and say so here. This log lists substantive corrections to published articles: factual errors, date or attribution fixes, and updates to disputed figures when new sourcing changes the picture. Small copyediting fixes (typos, formatting) aren't logged here.

If you spot something that needs correcting, email me at info@provenanceafrica.com.

October 2026: Aksum page rewrite

Found while rewriting the Aksum page from a wider reading list, including Hahn and Keck (2025), Bowersock (2013), Michels (2005), Sulas (2014), Butts (2025), Lusini (2022, 2024), Phillipson (2000), Sernicola and Villa (2026) and the texts of Procopius, Rufinus and the Book of the Himyarites.

Our Aksum page said King Armah was among the last kings to strike coins and issued no gold. Wolfgang Hahn's catalogue of the coinage places Armah, as Alla Amidas, directly after Kaleb, from before 540 into the 550s, and records gold for all six kings after Kaleb (Hahn and Keck 2025, pp. 105-108; Hahn 2026, p. 132). The page and its list of rulers now follow him. Read the article.

The page dated the first coins, struck by Endubis, to about 270 to 290, and placed Wazeba before Ousanas. Hahn ties the first gold and silver to Diocletian's reforms and dates Endubis to about 300 to 310, and Wazeba to about 340 (Hahn and Keck 2025, pp. 19, 24, 42, 53-59). The page now gives both his dates and Munro-Hay's older ones. Read the article.

The page's table of conversion dates credited Wolfgang Hahn, in his later work, with 347 to 349. Hahn's catalogue dates the conversion to 360 (Hahn and Keck 2025, pp. 14, 60-61). The table now gives that date and cites the catalogue. Read the article.

The page's table of founding dates gave Rodolfo Fattovich and Kathryn Bard as dating the start of Aksumite civilization to about 400 to 350 BC. That is David Phillipson's summary of their view. Fattovich himself describes a chiefdom on Beta Giyorgis from about 400 BC that developed into the kingdom (2010, pp. 156-157). The table now gives his own wording. Read the article.

The page said one version of Ezana's Beja inscription gives the six chiefs 25,140 cattle. The figure is not a variant. The inscription lists 3,112 cattle taken as booty and, separately, a later grant of 25,140 cattle to the six chiefs (Bernand 2000, pp. 20-23). The page now says so. Read the article.

The page gave 758 dead and 10,560 cattle as Ezana's count for the Noba war. Both totals are partly restored by the editors of the Recueil from the figures that survive in the inscription (RIE 189). The page now says so. Read the article.

The page said growth in the fourth and fifth centuries had used up the timber on the hills around Aksum. Federica Sulas finds no evidence of woodland at Aksum before, during or after the kingdom (2014, p. 182), and Luisa Sernicola and Gianfrancesco Lusini also dispute the older erosion account. The page now gives both sides. Read the article.

The page said the Zagwe dynasty took power around 1137 by Munro-Hay's reckoning. Marie-Laure Derat shows the 1135-1137 date is Carlo Conti Rossini's arithmetic and rejects it (2018, p. 75). The page now says so. Read the article.

The page said the fourth of Mani's four great kingdoms may have been China. The passage, from the Kephalaia, names the fourth as "the kingdom of the Chinese" (quoted in Gragg 2008, p. 211). The page now quotes it. Read the article.

The page said the Garima Gospels have been dated by radiocarbon to at least the sixth or seventh century. Michael Gervers notes that those tests were taken from the illustrated pages and never scientifically published (2026, p. 105). The page now says so. Read the article.

The page put Aksum at about 2,100 meters. Federica Sulas gives an average elevation of about 2,200 meters (2014, p. 179). The page now gives her figure. Read the article.

The page called Ousanas Ezana's father in most accounts. Aaron Michael Butts (2025, p. 21) and Gianfrancesco Lusini (2024, pp. 53-55) both read Ousanas as Ezana's elder brother. The page now gives both readings. Read the article.

October 2026: Kingdom of Benin page rewrite

Found while rewriting the Kingdom of Benin page from a wider reading list, including Bradbury (1957, 1967), Eisenhofer (1995), Ben-Amos Girshick and Thornton (2001), Evans (2026), Ezra (1992), Kaplan (1991), Lundén (2016), Hicks (2020) and the despatches of Rawson and Moor in the London Gazette (May 7, 1897).

Our Kingdom of Benin page captioned a photograph of Oba Ovonramwen in exile at Calabar as taken about 1912. Flora Kaplan dates the photograph to 1898-1900 and names the members of the household in it (1991, p. 211). The caption now gives her date. Read the article.

The note to the page's map of the kingdom left out the Ivbiosakon from Bradbury's list of the peoples the Oba's rule reached before 1897. Bradbury names most Esan (Ishan) and Ivbiosakon communities (1957, p. 14). The note now does too. Read the article.

The page's table of estimates cited Hicks (2020, pp. 234, 236) for his figure of about 10,000 objects taken in 1897. The figure is at pp. 137 and 147 of Hicks. The table now cites those pages. Read the article.

The page cited Lundén (2016, p. 131) for the British casualty figures of 1897. The figures are on p. 130 of Lundén. The note now cites that page. Read the article.

The page quoted the archaeologist Tomos Llywelyn Evans (2025) on the gates of the Benin earthworks from an article we had not read. The quotation has been replaced with one from Evans's 2026 article on A. J. H. Goodwin's Benin archive (p. 11), which we read. Read the article.

The page said as fact that Ewuare created the title Edaiken for the heir to the throne. That is the court's tradition. Paula Ben-Amos Girshick and John Thornton (2001, p. 372) and Bradbury (1967, p. 29) date the title and the rule of eldest-son succession to Ewuakpe, around 1700. The page now gives both. Read the article.

The page suggested that the metal of the Benin plaques helps to date them. Analysis of the metal shows where it came from but does not date a plaque, as the British Museum metallurgist Paul Craddock pointed out (Ezra 1992, p. 120). The page now says so. Read the article.

The page spelled the name of the British vice-consul who reached Benin City in 1892 as Henry Galway. His own account of the journey appeared in the Geographical Journal (1893) under the name H. L. Gallwey. The page now uses that form. Read the article.

The page gave Egharevba's count of 31 Ogiso rulers as a settled figure. Stefan Eisenhofer (1995) shows that the count grew between editions of Egharevba's history: one ruler called Ogiso in 1936, a dynasty of 12 in 1953 and 31 later. The page now says so. Read the article.

Our On This Day entry for the fire at Benin City on Feb. 21, 1897, said British troops had spent two days burning much of the city. The despatches record ordered demolitions, not a general burning: troops destroyed the compounds of the Queen Mother and of leading chiefs, the sacrificial trees and the shrine houses on Rawson's orders (London Gazette, May 7, 1897, p. 2519). The entry now says so. Read the entry.

October 2026: Nigeria's road to crisis, UCLA records check

Found while checking the first Nigeria-Biafra War piece against Nnamdi Azikiwe's unpublished history, Military Revolution in Nigeria (typescript, Nnamdi Azikiwe Papers, UCLA Library), Nwabueze's Constitutional History of Nigeria (1982) Osaghae's Crippled Giant (1998), and a research pack drawing on Post and Vickers (1973) and Akpan (1989).

Our piece on Nigeria's road to crisis gave the House of Representatives' vote declaring the 1962 emergency in the West as 209 to 36. That is Diamond's figure (1988, p. 103). Azikiwe, citing the House debates of May 29, 1962, gives 232 to 44 for the declaration and 209 to 36 for the emergency regulations approved that afternoon (typescript, pp. 39, 41). The piece now gives both accounts. Read the article.

The same piece dated the Privy Council's ruling in Adegbenro v. Akintola to May 28, 1963, and the federal ratification of the Western Region's retroactive amendment to June 6. Nwabueze (1982, p. 123 n. 47) and Azikiwe (typescript, p. 24) give May 27; Azikiwe has the House of Representatives ratifying the amendment on June 3 by 242 votes to 18 (p. 25 n. 9), and Nwabueze cites the House debates of June 3, 1963, for the motion. The piece now gives May 27 and June 3, and notes that Diamond has the Western House acting an hour before the ruling while Azikiwe and Nwabueze place it after. Read the article.

The same piece said the Northern People's Congress won 148 of the 312 seats at the 1959 federal election. The party won 134 seats; 148 was its bloc with its northern allies (Post and Vickers 1973, p. 65; Akpan 1989, p. 133). The piece now gives both. Read the article.

The same piece said none of the contemporary scholarship uses the label "Operation Wetie" for the violence in the West in 1965. Later Nigerian writers do use it, among them Osaghae (1998, p. 46). The sentence now says so. Read the article.

Our On This Day entry for the Privy Council ruling on the Western Region premiership was filed under May 28, 1963. The ruling was delivered on May 27, 1963 (Nwabueze 1982, p. 123 n. 47; Azikiwe, typescript, p. 24). The entry has moved to May 27 and now cites those two sources. Read the entry.

October 2026: Kingdom of Benin page, 1897 notes

Found in a review of the Benin source-breadth research, checked against Bacon (1897), Hicks (2020), Lundén (2016) and the despatches of Rawson and Moor in the London Gazette (May 7, 1897).

Our Kingdom of Benin page cited Hicks (2020, p. 81) for the size of the 1897 force. That page of Hicks gives no figures for the force. The statement that Rawson cut the landing force from 1,200 to 700 men rests on Bacon (1897, p. 34), which the note now cites alone. Read the article.

The same page said eight men died on the British side in action. That is Hicks's count (2020, p. 115). Rawson's return lists two officers and eight men killed in action (London Gazette, May 7, 1897, p. 2519), and Moor's despatch gives nine killed "as at present reported" (p. 2531). The page now gives all three. Read the article.

October 2026: On This Day, Battle of Mbwila

Found while adding the remaining Kongo page dates to On This Day, from Thornton (1999, 2020), Batsîkama (2021), Hilton (1985) and Balandier (1968).

Our On This Day entry for the Battle of Mbwila gave Oct. 29, 1665, without noting that the sources differ on the day, said the Portuguese beheaded King António I, and called the battle a turning point that led to the kingdom's fragmentation. Thornton (1999, p. 122) and Batsîkama (2021, pp. 19-20) put the battle on Oct. 29; Hilton (1985, p. 179) has the Portuguese joining their allies on Oct. 29 and the battle on Oct. 30; Balandier (1968, p. 75) gives Oct. 25. The entry now gives all three. Thornton and Batsîkama describe the king as wounded and then killed, without a beheading, and Thornton (1999, p. 103) writes that the battle did not change the balance of power between Kongo and Portugal, so both claims are gone. The entry no longer links to an unauthorized copy of Thornton's book and it now cites the sources that give the day in place of Heywood (2009), who does not. Read the entry.

October 2026: Nigeria's road to crisis, 1945-1965, revision

Found while revising the first piece of the Nigeria-Biafra War series from a wider set of sources, including Tamuno (1970), Akpan (1976), the US documents in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1964-1968, vol. XXIV, O'Connell (1988) and a fresh check of Diamond (1988), Post and Vickers (1973), Luckham (1971) and Miners (1971).

Our piece on Nigeria's road to crisis said the 1963 census was still under challenge in the courts in December 1965. The Federal Supreme Court rejected the Eastern Region's suit on June 29, 1964 (Post and Vickers 1973, p. 126; Diamond 1988, p. 145). The piece now says the census had been accepted over the East's objections. Read the article.

The same piece said that after 1959 no federal government could be formed without the Northern People's Congress. The NPC won 148 of 312 seats in 1959, short of a majority, and formed the government in coalition with the NCNC (Post and Vickers 1973, p. 2). The claim has been cut and the coalition stated instead. Read the article.

The same piece said Alhaji Adegbenro tried to form an "interim government" in October 1965, and gave Robin Luckham's hypothesis about reinforcing divisions in the army as his conclusion. Adegbenro and some of his "Ministers" were arrested for unlawfully forming "an interim executive council" (Diamond 1988, p. 266). Luckham sets the hypothesis out but says it "must be treated with some caution" (Luckham 1971, p. 190). The piece now quotes both correctly. Read the article.

The same piece gave the regional origins of the army's 482 male officers in January 1966 as 157, 128 and 195. Those figures add to 480. Miners (1971, p. 119) also counts two officers from the Cameroons, and the piece now includes them. Read the article.

October 2026: On This Day dates from the Kongo page

Found while adding the Kongo page's dates to On This Day, from Thornton (1998, 2020), Hastings (1998) and Balandier (1968).

Our On This Day entry for the burning of Beatriz Kimpa Vita gave July 2, 1706, without noting that the sources differ on the day. Thornton (1998, p. 177; 2020, p. 243) and Balandier (1968, p. 262) date the burning to July 2; Hastings (1998, p. 155) gives July 1. The entry now gives both and cites Hastings. It also no longer says the burning was on Pedro IV's order: Thornton (2020, p. 243) writes that the king had her tried for witchcraft and heresy, and Hastings that she was condemned by the Mani Vunda. Read the entry.

October 2026: Kingdom of Benin page check

Found while publishing 1897 and the Benin Bronzes, from the despatches of Rear-Admiral Rawson and Consul-General Moor in the London Gazette (May 7, 1897), Igbafe (1970) and Bodenstein (2018).

Our Kingdom of Benin page said a fire swept through Benin City two days after its capture in 1897. That is Ryder's dating (1969, p. 290). Moor's despatch dates the fire to the afternoon of Feb. 21, three days after the city fell on Feb. 18, and says it destroyed the palace and the quarters around it; Rawson's despatch and Igbafe (1970, p. 398) describe troops destroying compounds in the days before. The page now follows the despatches and notes Ryder's date. Read the article.

Our Kingdom of Benin page said the British counted the objects they took from Benin City. No count was made. The estimates, from about 2,400 to about 10,000, come from later curators, scholars and collectors (Bodenstein 2018, p. 268 and n. 7). The page now says so. Read the article.

October 2026: Kongo page rewrite

Found while rewriting the Kingdom of Kongo page from a wider reading list, including Thornton (1998, 2006, 2018, 2020), Hastings (1998), Vansina (1966, 1992), Gouveia (2022), Ferreira (2015) and Tollo (2020).

Our Kongo page said archaeologists had found no settlement on the Mountain of Kongo older than about 1350. Thornton (2020, p. 28) gives the 1350 dates as the oldest so far and calls the excavation evidence "far from conclusive"; Tollo (2020, p. 167) reports a dated floor of about 1390 from the Angolan excavations. The page now gives both, with the caveat. Read the article.

Our Kongo page said Beatriz Kimpa Vita was born to a minor noble family. That is Thornton's wording in his 2020 survey (p. 242), but in his book on her he places her family in the highest rank of the nobility, the Mwana Kongo, while noting that the rank brought neither wealth nor office (Thornton 1998, p. 19). The page now gives both descriptions. Read the article.

Our Kongo page said King Bernardo I was killed fighting the Jagas, and that Álvaro I paid for Portuguese help with papers of vassalage. Both are disputed. Vansina (1966, p. 64) has Bernardo killed in 1566 fighting the Tio, and Thornton (2018, p. 40) cites a king list that has his successor, Henrique I, die fighting the Jagas. Vansina (1966, p. 66) reports that Portugal refused Álvaro's offer of vassalage, and Gouveia (2022, p. 499) reads the aid as an alliance honored. The page now sets out the accounts. Read the article.

Our Kongo page dated Pedro IV's claim to the throne to 1694, Henrique II's reign to the 1840s-1856, and Pedro V's to 1860. Hastings (1998, p. 148) dates Pedro IV's claim to his brother's death in 1695; Henrique II died on January 23, 1857 (Ferreira 2015, p. 152); and Pedro V was crowned on August 7, 1859 (Ferreira 2015, p. 161). The rulers list now uses those dates. Read the article.

October 2026: Britain and Asante at War, source check

Found while checking the notes of the new Britain and Asante at War piece against the originals they cite: Ramseyer and Kühne (1875), Ricketts (1831), Prempeh I (2003), Dupuis (1824), Reindorf (1895) and Hansard (1901).

Our Britain and Asante at War piece dated the road guards' mass conscription to 1874. Ramseyer and Kühne (1875, p. 241) place it in October 1873, when Kofi Kakari heard that British troops had landed and were heading for Kumasi. The piece now gives that date and context. Read the article.

Our Britain and Asante at War piece misquoted Osei Yaw Akoto and Agyeman Prempeh by one word each. Ricketts (1831, p. 166) has Osei Yaw saying he would "rather blow up once," not "at once," and Prempeh wrote "the King and the others were made prisoner" (Prempeh I 2003, p. 158). Both quotes now match the originals. Read the article.

Our Britain and Asante at War piece said Kofi Kakari spent 100 ounces of gold on a charm to turn the British back. The figure came from Wilks (1975, pp. 239-240), but the missionary account he cites (Ramseyer and Kühne 1875, p. 271) gives no price for the charm. The piece now says only what that account records: the envoy Owusu Koko Kuma carried it in January 1874. Read the article.

October 2026: On This Day dates from the state pages

Found while working the On This Day brief against the state pages. Dates re-read this session in Eldredge (2014), Leśniewski (2021), Laband (1992, 1994, 2014, 2018), Guy (1979, 2004), Cope (1985), Theron (2006), Wylie (2006) and the Cambridge History of South Africa.

Our On This Day entry called the Battle of Nsamankow, Jan. 21, 1824, the opening battle of the First Anglo-Ashanti War, and rested on one magazine source. The sources we read do not support the "opening battle" wording, so it has been cut. The entry now rests on Ricketts (1831) and Wilks (1975, pp. 174-175), who date the defeat and MacCarthy's death to Jan. 21, 1824. Read the entry.

Our On This Day entry dated Shaka's assassination to Sept. 22, 1828, and cited a paper from a predatory journal. Shaka was killed at kwaDukuza on Sept. 23, 1828 (Eldredge 2014, p. 270; Leśniewski 2021, p. 22). The Port Natal traders' accounts disagree: Fynn wrote Sept. 24, Isaacs the night of the 22nd, and Farewell reported Sept. 23 to the Cape authorities in December 1828 and once Sept. 21 (Laband 2017, ch. 16; Wylie 2006, p. 501). The entry has moved to Sept. 23 and now says the traders' dates differ. The paper in the East African Journal of Education and Social Sciences, published by Noyam, has been dropped. The portrait credit now records that the sketch is an artist's impression first printed in Isaacs's Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa (1836). Read the entry.

Our On This Day entry said Cetshwayo became king of the Zulu on Sept. 1, 1873, on the death of his father. Cetshwayo succeeded Mpande in 1872, the year Mpande died (Guy 1979, p. 21). Sept. 1, 1873, is the day Theophilus Shepstone, Natal's Secretary for Native Affairs, presided over a ceremony that purported to install Cetshwayo as king (Cope 1985, pp. 11-12). The entry now says so. Read the entry.

Our On This Day entry on Ulundi gave 473 Zulu dead and thirteen to eighteen British killed. Laband records the official British estimate of Zulu losses as "not less than 1 500," and British losses as two officers and ten men killed and sixty-nine wounded, with a further officer dying of his wounds on July 14 (Laband 1992, p. 230). The entry now attributes both figures. It also claimed the battle ended the Anglo-Zulu War, which Guy disputes (Guy 2004, p. 56), so that claim has been dropped. Read the entry.

Our On This Day entry on Isandlwana carried an unsupported superlative and rested on one source. The entry called the battle one of the most significant defeats inflicted on the British Empire by an indigenous army, which no source we read supports; it now quotes Laband's own description of the rout (Laband 2014, p. 231). Laband's two counts of the British dead are 1,250 (Laband 1992, p. 87) and 1,329, the second including 67 white NCOs of the Natal Native Contingent (Laband 2014, p. 231). A second source has been added. Read the entry.

Our On This Day entry on the invasion of Zululand called it one of the defining conflicts of southern Africa's colonial era, and cited History.com. No source we read supports the phrase, and it has been cut. Guy gives Chelmsford's force as about 5,500 British regulars, over 1,000 white colonial volunteers and 9,000 African levies entering in three columns (Guy 2004, p. 55). History.com is a source the archive dropped earlier for carrying errors; it has been replaced. Read the entry.

October 2026: Zulu Kingdom page research

Found while researching the new Zulu Kingdom page against Eldredge (2014), Laband (1992, 2014, 2017, 2018), Guy (1979), Wylie (2006), Wright (2010), Leśniewski (2021), Naidoo (1985) and Mahoney (2012).

Our kingdoms and empires hub said Shaka's rise triggered the mfecane and made the Zulu southern Africa's dominant military power. Whether Shaka's wars caused the regional upheavals of the 1820s and 1830s has been disputed since Cobbing (1988) (Wright 2010, p. 212), and no source we used supports calling the kingdom the region's dominant military power. The hub now says what the sources support and links to the new page. Read the article.

Our leaders map gave the Zulu Kingdom under Shaka an area of 207,000 square kilometers and a population of about 250,000. Neither figure could be traced to a source, and none we read gives an area or a reliable population for the kingdom under Shaka. The note also said the kingdom's rise triggered the mfecane, which historians have disputed since Cobbing (1988). It now describes the kingdom from Dooling (2023, ch. 9) and Laband (2017). Read the article.

October 2026: Asante page research

Found while researching the new Asante page against Wilks (1975, 1993), McCaskie (1995, 2000), Parker (2023), Boahen (2000, 2003), Tordoff (1965), Reindorf (1895), Brackenbury (1874) and the 1831 eyewitness narrative of Major Ricketts.

Our kingdoms and empires hub dated the annexation of Asante to 1902. The Order in Council annexing Asante is dated Sept. 26, 1901. The hub also said the Asantehemaa holds a formal constitutional role today, which we could not support; it now describes her role in naming candidates for the kingship and her own stool and court (Wilks 1975, pp. 544-545; Stoeltje 1997, pp. 43, 63). Read the article.

September 2026: Solomonic Ethiopia page research

Found while researching the new Solomonic Ethiopia page against Taddesse Tamrat (1972), Kelly (ed.), A Companion to Medieval Ethiopia and Eritrea (2020), Derat (2003, 2018), Crummey (2000), Abir (1968), Marcus (2002), Bahru Zewde (2002) and Jonas (2011).

Our two articles on the 1974 revolution have been merged, and they had the emperor's death and burial wrong. The article at /history/articles/haile-selassie-overthrown-derg-1974/ now redirects to this one. One article said the Derg attributed Haile Selassie's death to complications after a prostate operation; the announcement gave "circulatory failure," and the operation had taken place months earlier (Ryle 2001). The other said his remains were found beneath an office floor; they were found sealed in concrete beneath a latrine in the palace grounds (Ryle 2001; Pitt Rivers Museum). They gave the end of the monarchy as March 27, 1975, and as March 1975; we could confirm only the month (Molyneux and Halliday 1982). Both said the famine of 1973 had killed an estimated 100,000 people, a figure we could not trace to a source, and one called the dynasty one of the longest-running monarchies in world history, which no source we used supports. Read the article.

Our article on the Battle of Adwa said the Ethiopians took about 3,800 Italian prisoners. Harold Marcus counts 1,800 prisoners and Raymond Jonas nearly 1,900 (Marcus 2002, p. 99; Jonas 2011, p. 239). The article now gives that range. Read the article.

September 2026: Journal articles added to the state pages

Found while adding journal articles to the Aksum, Benin, Kongo, Kush and Mali pages, among them Butts (2025), Poissonnier (2012), Ben-Amos Girshick and Thornton (2001), Thornton (2021), Humphris and Scheibner (2017) and Fauvelle-Aymar (2012).

Our Benin page said the palace was sacked in the civil war of 1689 to 1721. It said the capital and palace were sacked at least once. The account the war is known from, the Dutch trader David van Nyendael's, says the rebel leader sacked Benin City but spared the oba's palace (Ben-Amos Girshick and Thornton 2001, p. 370). The page now says so. Read the article.

Our Aksum page gave one archaeologist's account of how the great stelae fell as settled fact. It said Stela 1 broke as it was being raised and that Stela 2 was deliberately undermined, and linked Stela 2's fall to the tradition of a 10th-century queen, Gudit. Those are David Phillipson's readings (Phillipson 2012, pp. 142-143). Bertrand Poissonnier, who excavated beside both stones in 1999, argues that Stela 1 stood until it was pulled down, and that Stela 2 fell in the seventh century when treasure hunters dug beneath it, a date he takes from a coin of King Gersem found at the edge of their trench (Poissonnier 2012, pp. 78, 81-83). The page now gives both views. Read the article.

September 2026: Ghana page research

Found while researching the new Ghana page against al-Bakri and the other Arabic writers in Levtzion and Spaulding's translation (2003), Levtzion (1973), Conrad and Fisher (1982, 1983), Masonen and Fisher (1996), Berthier (1997), Insoll (2003), Gomez (2018) and Fauvelle (2018).

The kingdoms and empires page said Sundiata's forces took Ghana's capital in 1240. No source we used supports that. The 1240 date for Ghana's destruction is Maurice Delafosse's, which D. T. Niane rejected on the evidence of al-Umari, who in about 1336 still lists Ghana as a province of Mali with its own king (Niane 1984, p. 135 n. 44; Levtzion and Spaulding 2003, p. 54). The page now says Ghana was a province of Mali by the 1330s. Read the article.

September 2026: Songhai page research

Found while researching the new Songhai page against Hunwick's translation of al-Sa'di (2003), Gomez (2018), Levtzion (1977), Kaba (1981), Abitbol (1992), Saad (1983) and Cissoko (1996).

Our Timbuktu article gave the city 25,000 students and about 100,000 people. We could not trace the figure of 25,000 students to any historian's count. The number 25,000 is Raymond Mauny's estimate of Timbuktu's whole population, as Sékéné Mody Cissoko reports it (Cissoko 1996, p. 159). Elias Saad estimated no more than 4,000 to 5,000 elementary pupils and a 16th-century population of 30,000 to 50,000 (Saad 1983, pp. 27, 90-91). The figure of about 100,000 belongs to Gao, the Songhai capital, not Timbuktu (Cissoko 1996, p. 159). The article now says so. Read the article.

The kingdoms and empires page said Songhai's defeat ended nearly two centuries of its dominance. The same page dates the Songhai empire from 1464 to 1591, which is well under two centuries; Sunni Ali's accession in 1464 is the date the sources give for the start of its expansion (Hunwick 2003, pp. xxxviii, 91). The page now says more than a century. Read the article.

September 2026: Kingdom of Benin page research

Found while researching the new Kingdom of Benin page against Ryder (1969), Egharevba (1968), Bradbury (1957), Connah (1975) and Gunsch (2018).

The kingdoms and empires page dated the Kingdom of Benin to 1180. No source we used gives 1180. Benin court tradition, as Jacob Egharevba recorded it, puts the arrival of Oranmiyan about 1170 and the first Oba of the present line, Eweka I, about 1200; R. E. Bradbury would have placed the arrival about a century later, and A. F. C. Ryder warns that any date before the 16th century is uncertain (Egharevba 1968, pp. 7-8; Ryder 1969, p. 7 n. 3). The timeline now reads c. 1200-1897 and links to the new Kingdom of Benin page. Read the article.

September 2026: Aksum page research

Found while researching the new Aksum page against Munro-Hay (1991), Phillipson (2012) and Hatke (2013).

The kingdoms and empires page overstated Ezana's reach into Arabia and gave Aksum's dates as c. 100 to 940. It said Ezana expanded Aksumite power across the Red Sea into parts of Arabia. His inscriptions list Himyar and Saba among his titles, but Munro-Hay concludes that he did not actually control any Arabian kingdom (Munro-Hay 1991, p. 79). The sources we used place Aksum's founding in the first century AD, not about 100 (Phillipson 2012, pp. 47, 69), and do not support 940 as an end date; the capital moved east from Aksum in the first half of the seventh century (Phillipson 2012, p. 223). The conversion, given as around the 330s, is dated by historians anywhere from about 333 to 350 (Munro-Hay 1991, p. 202; Phillipson 2012, pp. 97-99). The timeline now reads c. 50-630, and the page no longer calls Aksum one of the earliest Christian states, a claim we could not source. Read the article.

September 2026: Kongo page research

Found while researching the new Kongo page against Thornton (2020, 2023), Hilton (1985), Vos (2015) and Fromont (2014).

The kingdoms and empires timeline gave Kongo's dates as c. 1390 to 1914. John Thornton, whose 1982 study used c. 1390, now dates the start of Kongo's formation to about 1280 (Thornton 2020, pp. 24-25), and the sources we used do not support 1914 as an end date. Portugal formally occupied the capital, São Salvador, in 1888 (Vos 2015, p. 11). The timeline now reads c. 1280-1888. Read the article.

September 2026: leaders map superlatives

Found by Hermes while checking every note on the leaders map that claimed a first, an only, a last or a similar absolute.

Toyin Falola did not call the Sokoto Caliphate West Africa's most populous empire. The note on 19th-century Nigeria said the caliphate had 10 to 20 million people and was "the most populous empire in West Africa according to historian Toyin Falola." Falola's own works do not say that. Falola and Ann Genova's Historical Dictionary of Nigeria gives a population of 10 million by 1837 and calls the caliphate "one of Nigeria's last great empires"; the note now says that. An unsourced area figure was also removed. Read the article.

Ruth Perry was not the first woman to head a state in Africa. Her note called her the "first woman to head a state in Africa." Empress Zewditu reigned over Ethiopia from 1916 to 1930, and Sylvie Kinigi was acting president of Burundi in 1993 and 1994, before Perry chaired Liberia's Council of State in 1996 and 1997. The note now describes her office without the claim. Read the article.

Liberia had twelve True Whig presidents in its unbroken line, not thirteen. Anthony W. Gardner's note counted thirteen True Whig Party presidents from him to 1980. The line from Gardner, the ninth president, to William Tolbert, the 20th, is twelve people. Fixed. Read the article.

The Merina kingdom did conquer Madagascar's east coast. The note on the Merina kingdom said the Betsimisaraka of the east coast "retained real autonomy throughout." Radama I of Merina took the coast's main port, Toamasina, in 1817 and brought the Betsimisaraka under Merina rule. The Sakalava kingdoms of the west and peoples of the far south, such as the Antandroy and Bara, did stay outside Merina authority, and the note now says only that. Read the article.

September 2026: Kush page research

Found while researching the new Kingdom of Kush page against Welsby (1996), Török (1997) and the Oxford Handbook of Ancient Nubia (2021).

Kush didn't move its capital to Meroe after 593 BCE. The timeline said Kush ruled "first from Napata, then from Meroe after 593 BCE." Kushite kings moved between several royal residences rather than keeping one capital; Meroe was already a royal seat by the 5th century BCE, and the royal burials only moved there in the early 3rd century BCE (Welsby 1996, pp. 33-34; Wolf and Nowotnick 2021, pp. 517-518). Fixed. Read the article.

Piye's reign and conquest were dated on an older chronology. The page gave Piye's reign as c. 753-722 BCE and the 25th Dynasty as beginning c. 744 BCE, with the conquest "around 728 BCE." Török's handbook dates Piye to c. 747-716 BCE, and Williams places the campaign in Piye's 21st year, around 720 BCE or a little earlier (Török 1997, p. 200; Williams 2021, p. 418). Fixed to match, and to the Kush page. Read the article.

Ezana of Aksum isn't known to have defeated the kingdom of Meroe. The page said Ezana "defeated the neighboring kingdom of Meroe." His inscription describes campaigns against the Noba and towns along the Atbara River, without naming a king of Meroe or an attack on the city, and its numbers are too small to have destroyed a state; scholars now doubt it was the final blow (Wolf and Nowotnick 2021, p. 535). Fixed. Read the article.

September 2026: mine-tier interlinking remainder

Found by Hermes while reading prose closely for a final round of contextual interlinking.

Uganda's Bush War death toll was borrowing a number from a different war. The article gave "100,000 to 500,000 dead" for the Bush War (1981-1986) itself. That range is the one commonly cited for Idi Amin's earlier, separate 1971-1979 regime (a 1999 Human Rights Watch report traces it to a New York City Bar Association estimate for Amin specifically). For the Bush War's own Luwero Triangle killings, the U.S. State Department estimated 100,000 to 200,000 civilians dead by 1984, and the International Committee of the Red Cross later put the toll at 300,000 or more. Fixed to cite the war's own figures and note where the larger number actually belongs. Read the article.

Ghana's Black Star Line tribute: not a bankruptcy, and not in Harlem. The article said Marcus Garvey's original shipping line had "gone bankrupt in Harlem." Per Wikipedia's sourced account (cross-checked against the article's own body text, which already had this right), Garvey suspended the line in February 1922 after his mail-fraud arrest; it was reconstituted rather than formally liquidated in bankruptcy, and its ships and losses were centered on New York Harbor and the Hudson, not Harlem, which was the UNIA's administrative headquarters rather than the shipping company's site of collapse. Fixed to "collapsed in New York." Read the article.

September 2026: second interlinking read-through

A second read-through, done for the same reason as the first: adding internal links required rereading the prose closely enough that more unrelated factual errors surfaced.

The 2022 Omo I redating: the gap was 38,000 years, not 36,000. The article gave its own two figures, 233,000 and 195,000 years, and then said they were "36,000 years" apart. The actual difference is 38,000. Fixed. Read the article.

Rawlings' summary collapsed his military and elected years into one wrong claim. The summary said Rawlings ruled Ghana "until 2001 as head of the PNDC." The PNDC, his military junta, governed only until 1993; he then won two elected terms as president, stepping down in 2001, a distinction the article's own body already got right. Fixed the summary to match. Read the article.

Kenya's one-party era: the 1982 coup attempt article had the wrong date and the wrong kind of change. The article said Kenya "had been a de facto one-party state since 1982." Kenya became a de facto one-party state in 1969, when the opposition Kenya People's Union was banned; the change in 1982 was a constitutional amendment that made one-party rule official in law, and it came in June 1982, weeks before this coup attempt, not after it. Fixed. Read the article.

Sétif and Guelma: an internal mismatch between 102 and 103 settler deaths. The article's fact card and one body sentence gave the French settler death toll as 102; a second body sentence gave 103. Outside sources are themselves split on this exact figure, so the article now uses 102 throughout, matching its own better-supported majority. Read the article.

Cameroon's hidden war: two different casualty ranges for the same conflict in the same article. The fact card gave "20,000 to over 100,000" for the 1955-1971 conflict; the body separately said "roughly 10,000" for its first phase. Aligned the body to the fact card's figure. Read the article.

September 2026: Zongo and Lingani's role in 1987

Flagged during the Compaoré video-reel research and followed up separately.

Zongo and Lingani weren't flatly 'co-conspirators' in Sankara's killing: that's disputed. The article said Zongo and Lingani, alongside Compaoré, "moved against the government" on October 15, 1987, and later called them Compaoré's "co-conspirators." Sources disagree on this: a contemporary wire report from the day named all three as having led the coup, but later research holds Zongo and Lingani had no advance knowledge of the plan to kill Sankara and inherited power only once it succeeded. The article now attributes the coup itself to Compaoré and notes the two men's exact role is contested, rather than stating either version as settled. Read the article.

September 2026: interlinking pass

A pass adding internal links between related articles required rereading a large share of the archive's prose closely, which surfaced factual errors unrelated to the linking itself, mostly numbers that didn't match a source or didn't agree with another number in the same or a sibling article.

Elmina's Dutch slave trade: conflated an 1814 decree with an 1818 treaty. The article said the Netherlands "agreed to abolish" the slave trade at Elmina "under the Anglo-Dutch Slave Trade Treaty" in 1814, but that treaty was signed in 1818. The 1814 date is real; it was a unilateral Dutch royal decree, not part of the later treaty. The article now describes both separately. Read the article.

A Yekatit 12 conspirator's name was misspelled. The article named one of the two men who attacked Marshal Graziani in 1937 as "Mogus Asgedom." Sources, including Wikipedia's account of Yekatit 12, spell the name Moges Asgedom. Corrected. Read the article.

Mandela's release date: dropped a fabricated 'Foundation count' of days. The article said Mandela walked free "by the Nelson Mandela Foundation's count, 27 years, six months and four days" after his 1962 arrest. The Foundation's own published chronology says only that he "spent over 27 years in prison"; it does not publish a day-precise count, so the attribution was invented. The article now says 27 years and six months, without the false citation. Read the article.

Djibouti's 1967 referendum: the stated margin didn't match its own numbers. The article gave the results as 60.60% to stay with France against 39.40% for independence, then called that a "22-point margin." The two percentages themselves are 21.2 points apart. Fixed to match the article's own figures. Read the article.

Pan-Africa journal's run: recounted the months. The article said the journal "ran for roughly eighteen months, from January 1947 to April 1948." That span is fifteen months, not eighteen. Fixed. Read the article.

A São Tomé cocoa exposé's book publication date, stated circularly. The article said Henry Nevinson's reporting "was published in book form the same year as A Modern Slavery," but the book form is A Modern Slavery, so the sentence named no actual year. It now gives the book's real publication date, 1906, a year after the Harper's magazine series began. Read the article.

September 2026: Burkina Faso research

Research for a pair of short videos on Thomas Sankara and Blaise Compaoré turned up an error in one of our own articles.

Zongo and Lingani were never tried. The article said Henri Zongo and Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani were tried by a military tribunal before their execution in September 1989. There was no trial. They were arrested on 18 September, while Compaoré was abroad, and summarily executed by the next day, with no charge ever heard by a court. The article now says so. Read the article.

Compaoré didn't 'restore' or 'reopen' IMF ties: there were none to restore. Two articles said Compaoré 'restored' or 'reopened' relations with the IMF after taking power. Sankara had never had a formal relationship with the IMF to restore: his own finance minister urged him four times to seek Fund assistance, and Sankara refused each time. Compaoré asked for IMF help within months of the coup, but Burkina Faso's first IMF and World Bank adjustment agreement wasn't signed until 1991. Both articles now say so, sourced to a 1994 World Bank country strategy memo and a 1998 academic study of Burkina Faso's economic liberalisation. Read the article.

The Sankara assassination survivor's name was misspelled. The article named the sole survivor of the meeting where Thomas Sankara was killed as "Halouné Traoré." His name is Alouna Traoré, confirmed against two independent Africa Report accounts of his testimony. Fixed in the fact card and body text. Read the article.

September 2026: On This Day archive

A manual pass through the On This Day archive: wrong dates, wrong locations, misspelled names, a misstated UN vote outcome. Disputed death tolls tended to sit on the lowest figure in circulation, usually whatever the government responsible said first, with no mention of who did it or whether anyone was ever charged.

Nigeria's first newspaper: both readings of its first issue now published. The card sat on 3 December, the date Nigerian press histories give. An article in Scholars Bulletin puts the introduction of the paper at Abeokuta in November 1859, and no readable source settles the day within that month, so the archive now carries a card for each reading: 3 December, after HistoryVille, and November, after Scholars Bulletin, with each naming the other's date. The November card is filed on 23 November; the source supports the month rather than the day. Read the entry.

Barack Obama Sr.'s birth year: both readings now published. The entry gave 1934. BlackPast dates his birth to 1936 and the African American Registry to 1934, and no third source read could displace either, so the archive now carries a card for each year, each naming the other year and the source behind it. Read the entry.

The EgyptAir Tu-154 crash of 1974: both dates now published. The entry sat on 9 July, the date the Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives gives for the training crash at Cairo (registration SU-AXB, 1730 local, all six crew killed). The Aviation Safety Network dates the loss of the same aircraft to 10 July 1974. Both readings are now published, one card for each date, each naming the other date and the source behind it. Read the entry.

University apartheid: the 1957 bill and the 1959 Act separated. The entry said the government approved the extension of racial segregation to universities on 22 May 1957, a date no source read supports. The Journal for Contemporary History records that the Separate University Education Bill was tabled in March 1957 and withdrawn before its second reading, and UCT's timeline records that it was replaced by the Extension of University Education Act of 1959. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission's chronology of apartheid legislation gives the Act's commencement as 19 June 1959. The archive now carries a card for each: the bill on 22 May and the Act on 19 June 1959. Read the entry.

Shirley's Gold Coast expedition was 1782, not 1781. The entry placed the expedition in 1781. Reindorf's History of the Gold Coast and Asante (1895) and Macdonald's The Gold Coast Past and Present (1898) both date it to 1782, when Shirley attacked Elmina and took the Dutch forts of Mouri, Cormantine, Apam and Bereku. The card now gives 1782. No source read supports 1781, so no second card was published for that reading, even though the two-date treatment was applied to the other disputed entries in this batch. Read the entry.

Croix-des-Bouquets: what the sources actually describe. The entry said Black insurgents won a battle there on 22 March 1792. Madiou, in his Histoire d'Haiti, describes the workshops of the Cul-de-Sac rising on 22 March as the free-coloured force under Bauvais and Pinchinat abandoned the town for the Matheux dyke; Ardouin, in his Etudes sur l'histoire d'Haiti, describes the Croix-des-Bouquets confederation of free coloureds and white royalists. Neither records a Black insurgent victory, and both place the episode in March 1792, so the card now describes the rising and names the disagreement rather than asserting an outcome. Read the entry.

Fort Capuzzo was captured on 14 June 1940, not the 17th. The entry sat on 17 June and credited the 11th Hussars alone. Wavell's despatch in the London Gazette, issue 37609, records that the two frontier forts at Capuzzo and Maddalena were attacked and captured on 14 June 1940, and the Desert Rats Association dates the capture of Capuzzo to the same day. The sources name different units in the attack, so the entry now credits British forces without listing them. (It moved from 17 June.) Read the entry.

Comhaire-Sylvain: Haiti's first woman anthropologist. The entry called her Haiti's first trained anthropologist, which implies she was the first of any gender. Both sources qualify the claim by gender: the Stanford University Libraries collection guide calls her Haiti's first black female anthropologist, and Archipelies, published by the Presses universitaires des Antilles, calls her the first Haitian woman anthropologist. The entry now says first woman anthropologist. Read the entry.

Soad Hosny's nickname: the quotation was not a quotation. The entry rendered "Cinderella of the Egyptian screen" as a quoted epithet. No source read uses that wording: Egypt Today says her fans dubbed her the "Egyptian Cinderella", and the BBC's report on her death was headed "Egyptians mourn screen Cinderella". The entry now carries the phrase the sources use, attributed to her fans. Read the entry.

Obasanjo's 1995 case: refiled to the documented custody date. The entry said Obasanjo was charged before a military tribunal on 22 June 1995. Amnesty International's report on the case records that he was taken back into incommunicado military custody on 13 June 1995, that 43 prisoners were convicted of treason after secret trials by a Special Military Tribunal, and that the alleged plot was in March 1995; the BBC profile records that he was jailed in 1995 on charges of plotting a coup and released in June 1998. No source found records a charge or any other step on 22 June, so the entry now describes the custody and conviction and sits on 13 June. (It moved from 22 June.) Read the entry.

Zanzibar's independence came the same year, not the next. The entry said internal self-government was "a precursor to full independence the following year". The Zanzibar Act 1963 gives the appointed day as 10 December 1963, "the date on which Zanzibar ceases to be a protectorate and becomes an independent State within the Commonwealth", and Hansard's debate on the bill records the conference's agreement on that date. Independence came the same year, and the entry now says so. Read the entry.

Zimbabwe's 2008 run-off: 27 June was the poll, not the declaration. The entry placed Mugabe's declaration as winner on 27 June. 27 June 2008 was the polling day of the run-off, which Mugabe contested as the only remaining candidate after Morgan Tsvangirai withdrew citing violence against his supporters; the result was declared and he was sworn in two days later, on 29 June. The entry now describes the poll and the 85 per cent result that the Senate resolution records, rather than dating the declaration. Read the entry.

Kemboi's Olympic record: two golds, not three medals. The entry called him a three-time Olympic steeplechase medallist. World Athletics lists him as a two-time Olympic champion and Olympedia records two Olympic golds, in 2004 and 2012, with no silver or bronze; the larger tally belongs to his World Championships record. The entry now says two-time Olympic champion. Read the entry.

A duplicate entry for the 1948 South African election removed. The 28 May entry said D. F. Malan was elected Prime Minister. The archive already carries that election on 26 May 1948, the date South African History Online gives for the National Party's win, so the second entry has been removed and the 26 May entry stands. Read the entry.

Democracy Day moved to 12 June. The entry said 29 May was "now marked as Democracy Day". President Buhari moved Democracy Day to 12 June in 2018, and both dates have since been public holidays, so the clause has been dropped. The entry now records only that the inauguration returned Nigeria to elected civilian rule, which is what the Congressional Research Service and the BBC profile support; the "sixteen years" figure was also dropped because neither source states it. Read the entry.

The heart-transplant claim removed from the Naki entry. The entry said Hamilton Naki "helped pioneer the world's first heart transplant". South African History Online and the University of Cape Town News both record that he worked with laboratory animals and assisted in experimental surgery in Chris Barnard's research team, and that he was not in the operating theatre for the first human transplant. The entry now states only the laboratory work. Read the entry.

Kimba's execution moved to 2 June 1966. The entry put the executions on 30 May 1966. Sciences Po's chronology of Congo/Zaire dates the episode 30 May to 2 June, from the arrest and the trial before a special military tribunal to the public hanging in the central square of Leopoldville, and The Africa Report records the four hanged in 1966. The entry now sits on 2 June and says three former ministers were hanged with him. (It moved from 30 May.) Read the entry.

No world record for Margaret Okayo. The entry called her a former world record holder. World Athletics lists her as born 30 May 1976 and a four-time major marathon winner, and carries no world record for her; her fastest times are course records. The unsupported claim has been dropped and the entry now says she won four major marathons. Read the entry.

Kenya's independence was 12 December 1963. The Madaraka Day entry said full independence followed "in December 1964". Kenya became independent on 12 December 1963, the date the New York Times reported it; December 1964 is when it became a republic. The entry now gives 12 December 1963. Read the entry.

Who led the 4 June 1979 coup in Ghana. The entry said Jerry Rawlings seized power himself, overthrowing General Fred Akuffo. The Ghana News Agency records that junior officers led by Major Boakye-Djan carried out the coup and freed Rawlings from prison to head the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council, and the Guardian's obituary describes soldiers freeing him before he could be executed. The entry now credits the junior officers and has Rawlings installed as head of the AFRC. Read the entry.

South Africa joined the OAU on 6 June 1994. The entry sat on 7 June. The African Union's own member-state record gives South Africa's date of joining as 6 June 1994, and South African History Online records South Africa as the 53rd and final state to join. The entry now sits on 6 June. (It moved from 7 June.) Read the entry.

Algiers train station bombing: 8 June 2008. The entry sat on 9 June. The Irish Examiner's report carries the dateline Sunday 8 June 2008, "Two successive bombs rocked a train station in Algeria today, killing 13 people", and Al Jazeera's chronology of Algerian violence lists the Lakhdaria station blasts under 8 June 2008. The entry now sits on 8 June. (It moved from 9 June.) Read the entry.

Sennar fell on 14 June 1821. The entry sat on 12 June. Nasidi's military history of the Funj sultanate, in the Journal of Zaria Historical Research, records that the Egyptians took the capital on 14 June 1821, and On This Day lists Badi VII's surrender on that date. The entry now sits on 14 June. (It moved from 12 June.) Read the entry.

14 June is not Malawi's Freedom Day. The entry said the referendum date is "now marked as Freedom Day". Under Bakili Muluzi the date was a public holiday; it was dropped under Bingu wa Mutharika, and the Nyasa Times reported campaigners asking for it to be reinstated. The clause has been dropped and the entry now records only the referendum result. Read the entry.

The 1994 election did not conclude on 27 April. The entry said South Africa's first democratic general election concluded that day. The Inter-Parliamentary Union's record gives the dates of election as 26 to 29 April 1994, and South African History Online records that the interim constitution came into effect on 27 April 1994 to administer the first democratic elections. The entry now says the constitution came into force as the country voted, rather than that voting finished. Read the entry.

Nour El-Sherif: an unattributed ranking and an unverified birthplace dropped. The entry placed his birth in Cairo and called him one of Egypt's most celebrated film actors with several movies ranked among the top Egyptian films of all time. Neither source read states a birthplace, and no source read supports the ranking. Africultures gives his birth as 28 April 1946 and describes him as an Egyptian actor, producer and director; Egypt Today's piece is about the Google doodle marking his birth anniversary. The entry now gives the trade and drops the rest. Read the entry.

Pedro Pires was born on Fogo, not Santiago. The UNCCD biography states that he was born on the Cape Verdean island of Fogo in the district of Sao Filipe, and the Instituto Pedro Pires gives the municipality of Sao Filipe on the island of Fogo. The entry now says Fogo. Read the entry.

Taoufik Makhloufi was born at Souk Ahras, not Qacentina. The entry placed his birth in Qacentina, that is Constantine. Olympedia's registry entry gives 29 April 1988 at Souk Ahras. His birth date is confirmed independently by World Athletics and Track and Field Statistics, but the birthplace rests on Olympedia, the specialist registry, and is recorded here as resting on one source rather than padded with a second citation that does not carry the place. Read the entry.

The Bicesse Accords entry was a duplicate. The 1 May entry described the MPLA and UNITA agreeing the Bicesse Accords. The archive already carries that agreement on 31 May 1991, the date the Peace Agreements Database at the University of Edinburgh and a concurrent resolution of the 103rd Congress give for its signature. The duplicate entry has been removed and the 31 May entry stands. Read the entry.

Ruth Negga was born on 7 January 1982, not 4 May 1981. The entry sat on 4 May and gave the year as 1981. who2 gives her birth as January 7, 1982 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, and the University of Limerick gives 1982 and Addis Ababa. The entry now sits on 7 January and says she was born in Addis Ababa in 1982. Read the entry.

Eskender: 1494 is his death, not his birth. The entry was a birth entry reading that he was born. Budge gives his reign from 1478 to his death on the 12th day of Genbot, A.M. 6986, that is A.D. 1494, and Ullendorff gives his reign as 1478 to 1494 and describes his death in a raid in the lowlands. The entry is now a death entry and says he died. Read the entry.

Tripoli declared war on 14 May 1801, not 10 May. The entry sat on 10 May. The State Department's chronology reads 1801 - May 14: The Bey of Tripoli declared war on the United States and sent a squad of soldiers to cut down the U.S. Consulate's flagpole. The First Barbary War began. Irwin's diplomatic history rests on Cathcart's letter of 13 May, written in the expectation that the flagstaff would be taken down the following day. The entry now sits on the 14th. A minority account dates the incident to 10 May, which is why it was verified against two sources before moving. Read the entry.

The Evian Accords entry was a duplicate. The 18 May entry described France and representatives of the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic reaching the Evian Accords. The archive already carries that agreement on 18 March 1962, the date Origins at Ohio State and HISTORY give for its signature. The duplicate entry has been removed and the 18 March entry stands. Read the entry.

Mafeking was relieved on 17 May 1900, not the 19th. The entry sat on 19 May. Hansard's record of 21 May 1900 quotes Lord Milner's telegram announcing officially that the relief of Mafeking was accomplished on the 17th, and BritishBattles dates the siege from 14 October 1899 to 16 May 1900, when Mahon's column reached the town. The 217-day figure has been dropped: no source read states it, and the dates the sources give do not produce it. The entry now sits on the 17th. Read the entry.

Marc-Vivien Foe was born on 1 May 1975, not 21 May. The entry sat on 21 May. L'Equipe gives his birth as 1er mai 1975 at Nkolo in Cameroon, and the Guardian's obituary gives footballer born May 1 1975; died June 26 2003. The entry now sits on 1 May. Read the entry.

Marie-Louise Coidavid died on 14 March 1851, not the 11th. The entry sat on 11 March, a date that traces to a 2014 journal article. Haiti Express heads its anniversary piece 14 mars 1851 : Mort de Marie-Louise, Reine d'Haiti, and Richesse Karayib records that she died at Pisa on 14 March 1851, aged 72 or 73. The entry now sits on the 14th and says she died in Pisa. The iciHaiti page the earlier finding also cited now returns 404 and is not cited. Read the entry.

Grand-Bassam: 16 people were killed, not 19. The entry said at least 19. The BBC reported at least 16 killed, CNN's headline reads 16 killed as gunmen strike hotels, and the Associated Press report says the gunmen killed 16 people, 14 of them civilians and two of them soldiers, according to President Ouattara. The figure of 19 counts the three assailants shot by security forces, who were not killed by the gunmen. The entry now says at least 16. Read the entry.

The Ogaden war ended with a Somali withdrawal, not a truce. The entry said Somalia and Ethiopia signed a truce. Gebru Tareke's study has the invasion that began in July 1977 and ended in March 1978, and records that President Siad Barre announced the unilateral withdrawal of all his troops, who were trekking home across the Ogaden; MIT's CASCON conflict file records Ethiopia reconquering the Ogaden by 15 March 1978 and no agreement at all, only sporadic border squabbles continuing. The entry now says Barre announced the unilateral withdrawal. Read the entry.

The 1992 referendum's No vote was 31.3 per cent, not 31.2. South African History Online gives 68.7 per cent voting yes, 1,924,186 votes, with the No vote at 875,619, and Gulf News gives the same counts as 68.73 and 31.27 per cent. 31.27 rounds to 31.3. The entry now says 31.3. Read the entry.

The Kumasi Mutiny was a mutiny of the West African Regiment, not an Asante rising. The entry described Asante forces rising against British colonial rule. Hansard's record of the parliamentary question of 13 May 1901 is headed West African Regiment - Coomassie Mutineers and asks whether the pay of the West African Regiment, part of which recently mutinied at Coomassie, was in arrear; Peter Duckers' account of the regiment has 178 men of A Company failing to turn out for parade on 18 March 1901. The entry now says African soldiers of the regiment mutinied over pay that was in arrears. Read the entry.

Adelabu died on 25 March 1958, not the 20th. The entry sat on 20 March. The Nigerian Independent records that he died in a car accident on March 25, 1958, at age 43, and Encyclopaedia Africana gives his dates as 3 September 1915 to 25 March 1958. The entry now sits on the 25th and says he died in a car crash. Read the entry.

The Kintampo bus crash was not near Accra, and the toll rose to 60. The entry said the buses collided near Accra. The BBC places the crash at Kintampo, 430 km north of the capital, and quotes police giving at least 50 dead; CNN, quoting the police spokesman, has the two long-distance buses colliding head-on on the main highway from Kintampo to Tamale at about 1:30 am with 50 confirmed dead; Al Jazeera's AFP dispatch puts the toll at at least 60. The entry now gives the road and the higher figure. Read the entry.

The Selma to Montgomery march took five days, not four. Stanford's King Institute dates the march 21 to 25 March 1965 and describes King leading demonstrators to the capitol after a 5-day, 54-mile march from Selma; the National Archives records the third march departing Brown Chapel on 21 March and reaching the Alabama state capitol on 25 March. The entry now says five-day. Read the entry.

The Suez Canal reopened on 29 March 1957. The entry sat on 9 April. The Suez Canal Authority's own history states that the victorious spirits continued to resume navigation in the Canal on March 29th, 1957, after clearing the waterway of the sunk ships, and repeats that the canal was reopened on 29 March 1957. A US embassy telegram of 11 April 1957 in FRUS has Egypt declaring that the canal will be open for normal traffic by mid-April, which is why an earlier pass read the date as unsettled. The entry now sits on 29 March. Read the entry.

The Casablanca Caravelle did not kill everyone aboard. The entry said all 61 people aboard died, and placed the crash near Berrechid. The Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives records the aircraft crashing 2 km short of runway 35 at Casablanca, with 61 occupants killed and 21 injured, and PlaneCrashInfo lists 61 of the 82 people aboard as fatalities. The entry now says 61 killed and 21 injured on approach to Casablanca. Read the entry.

John Smit was born in Pietersburg, not Pietermaritzburg. The entry confused the Limpopo town with the KwaZulu-Natal one. Springbok Rugby History gives his place of birth as Pietersburg, now Polokwane, and The South African records the same. The entry now says Pietersburg, now Polokwane. Read the entry.

Bahr el-Baqar: 30 pupils were killed, not 46. The New York Times of 9 April 1970 is headlined 30 Pupils in U.A.R. Said to Die in Raid, and Daily News Egypt's account of the school says its three classrooms housed 150 students, 30 of whom died. The entry now says 30 pupils. The Times page is cited through a 2020 archive snapshot; the 2024 snapshot the earlier finding cited no longer resolves. Read the entry.

The Brandfort action was in May 1900, and the figures were unsupported. The entry put a sharp Boer defeat south of Brandfort on 10 April 1900, with 600 killed or wounded and 800 captured. The War Museum of the Boer Republics chronology lists the Brandfort engagement under May 1900, on the 3rd, and the Encyclopedia of the Boer War treats Brandfort as one of the points where Roberts's flanking movements defeated Boer attempts to stop his advance; neither source gives those casualty figures. The entry now sits on 3 May and says only that the two forces fought there. Read the entry.

Eyadema took the presidency in April 1967; the coup was in January. The entry had him overthrow Grunitzky on 14 April 1967. Both the State Department background note on Togo and GlobalSecurity record the coup as 13 January 1967, with a committee of national reconciliation ruling until Eyadema took the presidency on 14 April. The entry now says he had seized power in January and assumed the presidency on this date. Read the entry.

The Nyanya bombing killed 71, later reported as 75, not 88. Al Jazeera's report of 14 April 2014 says the rush-hour bomb at the bus station killed at least 71 people. Deutsche Welle, reporting the following month's blast nearby, puts the earlier Nyanya toll at 75. No source read gives 88. The entry now says at least 71, later reported as 75. Read the entry.

Gyude Bryant died in Monrovia, not Ghana. Voice of America records his death at the John F. Kennedy Medical Center in Monrovia, and The New Dawn's editorial records the same place and date. The Liberian embassy statement the earlier finding cited now returns 404 and is no longer cited. The entry now says Monrovia. Read the entry.

The Katina P was grounded on 19 April 1992, and not after losing a hull plate. The entry said the tanker was deliberately run aground off Maputo after losing a hull plate at sea, spilling oil in one of the region's worst environmental disasters, and sat on 17 April. NOAA's incident record dates the intentional grounding to 19 April 1992 and attributes it to structural damage in a storm, with two tanks holed and about 25,000 barrels of heavy fuel oil released; CEDRE records the vessel carrying 66,700 tonnes of crude oil. Neither mentions a lost hull plate, and neither ranks the spill. The entry now sits on the 19th and says what the records say. Read the entry.

Eswatini's name change was announced on 19 April 2018. The entry sat on 18 April. Deutsche Welle's report is dated 19 April 2018, NPR says the announcement came on Thursday, and the Guardian's AFP dispatch is datelined Thursday 19 April. Only the BBC says Wednesday. The entry now sits on the 19th. Read the entry.

Mswati III was born in Manzini, not Mbabane. Britannica gives his birth as 19 April 1968 at Manzini, and BlackPast records the same place. The entry now says Manzini. Read the entry.

Flight 228 killed 123 of those aboard; five passengers survived. The entry said all 123 people aboard died. The Bureau of Aircraft Accidents Archives records 123 killed, and Nongqai's account of the crash lists 123 passengers and crew killed with five passengers surviving. The entry now says 123 were killed and five passengers survived. Read the entry.

Garowe: a United Nations vehicle carrying UNICEF staff, with a contested toll. The entry described a United Nations convoy delivering food supplies and a toll of ten. The BBC's report calls it a suicide attack on a United Nations vehicle in Garowe, says police gave seven dead, and records UNICEF's statement that four of its staff were among them; the Associated Press, via the Los Angeles Times, put the toll at at least ten. The entry now says a UN vehicle carrying UNICEF staff, seven killed with four of them UNICEF workers, and gives the AP figure of ten. Read the entry.

Frances Ames was born in Pretoria, not Cape Town. South African History Online says she was born in Pretoria, Transvaal, on 20 April 1920, and the University of Cape Town's Faculty of Health Sciences records that she was born in Pretoria and raised in Cape Town. The entry now says Pretoria. Read the entry.

Vernon Johns was born at Darlington Heights, not Farmville. Stanford's Martin Luther King Jr. Research and Education Institute says he was born in Darlington Heights, Virginia, in 1892, and Gale's Contemporary Black Biography gives the same place while noting that it lies near Farmville. The entry now says Darlington Heights. Read the entry.

The Libya sanctions were eased on 23 April 2004, not the 24th. The Treasury press release and the White House statement announcing the easing are both dated 23 April 2004. The White House cites Libya's steps to eliminate weapons of mass destruction programmes and longer-range missiles, and Treasury describes the action as the second round of sanctions eased in response to that progress. The entry's claim that the sanctions had been in place 18 years was dropped: neither document read states the 1986 imposition. The entry now sits on the 23rd. Read the entry.

The state formed on 26 April 1964 was Tanganyika and Zanzibar, not Tanzania. The State Department background note records that Tanganyika united with Zanzibar on 26 April 1964 to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, renamed the United Republic of Tanzania on 29 October 1964, and Britannica likewise describes Tanzania as formed in 1964 through the union of the two states. The entry's verdict that the merger was one of the more successful mergers of independent African states was an unattributed evaluation and has been dropped. The entry now gives the name the state actually took that day. Read the entry.

Derna was captured on 27 April 1805. The entry sat on 26 April. HISTORY dates the action to 27 April 1805, and the National Museum of the Marine Corps' account of the battle has Eaton observing the fort at Derna on the morning of 27 April. The Naval History and Heritage Command page the earlier finding cited now returns 404 and is no longer cited. The entry now sits on the 27th. Read the entry.

Libya's 1963 amendments were promulgated on 25 April. The entry sat on 26 April. The Libyan Constitutional Union's commentary refers to the amendment Law of 25 April 1963, and the CILRAP copy of the constitution notes the federal regime repealed by Law No. 1 of 1963 and the state renamed the Kingdom of Libya. The entry's claim that the amendments extended the right to vote to women is dropped: no source read states it, and the UN Women page the earlier finding cited now returns 404. The entry now sits on the 25th. Read the entry.

The London Sharpeville protest of 27 March 1960 carried a figure no source gives. The entry said more than 15,000 people marched through central London. No source read for this pass states that number. The movement's own archive describes "thousands of people" marching through central London on 27 March 1960, organised by the Boycott Movement with the Movement for Colonial Freedom and the Committee of African Organisations, and its companion caption for the same day records a separate Labour Party rally at which "twenty thousand people gathered in Trafalgar Square". The London Museum holds a photograph of that month's anti-apartheid demonstration in Trafalgar Square. The entry now describes the march without the figure. Read the entry.

The African Regroupment Party was not launched "at a meeting in Paris". The entry placed the party's launch at a meeting in Paris. Every account stating Paris traces back to Wikipedia or a mirror of it, which is not citable here, and French-language reference material places the party's formation at Dakar in March 1958 (Christian Roche's chapter "Naissance du Parti du regroupement africain (PRA), 26 mars 1958", in Le Senegal a la conquete de son independance). What the readable sources do cover is the party's constitutive congress: the Monde diplomatique's September 1958 report describes "le congres constitutif du parti du regroupement africain (P.R.A.) a Cotonou (Dahomey), dans les derniers jours de juillet", and the AfricaBib record of M. Jalade's 1958 article "Le congres de Cotonou" has the congress resolving for immediate independence. The entry now says the party was launched in 1958 and held its constitutive congress at Cotonou that July. It stays on 26 March on the strength of the Roche chapter title, the only dated statement of the party's birth found; no readable source confirms or denies that day. Read the entry.

Emmett Ashford's first game was 7 July 1951, not 20 February 1952. The entry sat on 20 February and gave the year as 1952, and no source read supports either. SABR records that in 1951 Ashford became the first black umpire in organized baseball, and the Baseball-Reference Bullpen page gives his first game in the Class C Southwest International League as 7 July 1951, behind the plate for the Yuma Panthers against the Mexicali Eagles. The entry now sits on that date and says what happened there. Read the entry.

Murtala Mohammed: the ordinal was mixing two different counts. The entry called him the 4th military Head of State of Nigeria. That mixes two counts: he was the fourth head of state overall but the third military one. Daily Trust describes him as Nigeria's fourth head of state; the Guardian uses only head of state. The entry now says he was the head of state and drops the ordinal, which no source read states in that form. Read the entry.

The Congo River boat sank on the night of 14 February 2021, not the 15th. The entry sat on 15 February. The BBC's report quotes the provincial government spokesman saying the boat capsized at about 20:00 local time on Sunday, and Al Jazeera, publishing on the Monday, describes the sinking as the previous night. The entry now sits on the 14th and says the boat sank that night. Read the entry.

Kondogbia was born in France, not in the Central African Republic. The entry called him Central African-born. Atletico Madrid's signing announcement and National Football Teams both place his birth at Nemours, in France, and National Football Teams records his caps for France before his Central African Republic caps. The entry now says he was French-born and later played international football for the Central African Republic. Read the entry.

The Crossroads killings were in February 1985, not 1986. The entry carried the year as 1986. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission dates the Crossroads/Nyanga clashes to February 1985, when at least eighteen people were killed and about 250 injured in three days, and South African History Online dates them 18-19 February 1985. The 1986 Crossroads deaths in the TRC report are the witdoeke vigilante attacks of May and June, which were not police shootings of protesters. The entry now carries 1985. Read the entry.

Candido Muatetema Rivas: the birth date moved to 2 February 1960, on one source. The entry sat on 20 February, a date no source read supports. The Equatorial Guinean government's own obituary gives his birth as 2 February 1960 in the village of Batete on Bioko. The entry now sits on the 2nd and says he was born at Batete. It carries a single source: no second independent publisher could be read for his birth date, and the obituary's stated age at death fits neither date. Read the entry.

Cleopatra's Needle: raised in January 1881, presented on 22 February 1881. The entry said the obelisk was erected in Central Park on this day. The Central Park Conservancy dates the raising to 22 January 1881, with a crowd of about 10,000 watching, and the official reception in the Met's Great Hall to 22 February 1881; the Metropolitan Museum's account of the obelisk's arrival gives the same two dates, the ceremony set for noon on 22 January and the formal presentation of the gift to the City of New York on 22 February. The entry now records the presentation on this date and the raising in January. Read the entry.

Abdelaziz of Morocco was born in 1878, not 1881. The entry gave his birth as 24 February 1881, a pairing no source read supports. Britannica gives Feb. 24, 1878, or Feb. 18, 1881; the Royal Ark genealogy gives 24 February 1878 at Marrakesh; the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica gives 1880 and has him fourteen at his father's death in 1894. The entry now carries 24 February 1878 with the alternative date stated. Read the entry.

The February 25th Movement: hundreds of protesters, not thousands. The entry said thousands of protesters rallied in Nouakchott. Reuters, reporting on the day, says hundreds of people took to the streets on Friday, Feb. 25, and a Global Voices account put the following day's march at up to 2,000. The entry now describes the rally without the count, and keeps the movement's name, which Carnegie's account of the Place d'Bloques protest and Amnesty International both record. Read the entry.

Shehu Shagari: the presidency was numbered wrongly. The entry called him the 6th President of Nigeria. The Guardian's obituary gives the birth date and the 1979 to 1983 presidency with no numbering, and the Council on Foreign Relations describes him as the only president of Nigeria's Second Republic. The entry now says he became president in 1979. Read the entry.

Florence Kiplagat held the half marathon record, not the marathon record. The entry called her a former marathon world-record holder. Her world record was over the half marathon, 1:05:09 in Barcelona in 2015, which World Athletics reported as shaving three seconds off her own mark; she also held 15km and 20km records. She ran the marathon but never held that record. The entry now says half marathon. Read the entry.

The 1969 Portugal earthquake: 13 dead in Portugal, not 8 in Morocco. The entry said the earthquake killed 8 people in Morocco. A 2025 paper in Pure and Applied Geophysics gives 13 fatalities in mainland Portugal, two of them a direct consequence of the earthquake and eleven indirect, and says only that some victims were also reported in Morocco. NOAA's record for the event gives 25 deaths across Portugal, Morocco and Spain with a comment citing 13. The entry now records the 13 in Portugal and about 80 injured, with casualties also reported in Morocco. Read the entry.

Tutu's 1988 arrest was a march to Parliament, not a five-day demonstration. The entry said he was arrested with 100 other clergymen during a five-day anti-apartheid demonstration. The Los Angeles Times report of the arrest describes a single march to Parliament in Cape Town, with Tutu and dozens of other religious leaders detained and about 150 people, mostly priests and nuns, released on their own recognizance; South African History Online records the same date and says they were freed within hours. The entry now says that. Read the entry.

De Gaulle's 5 February 1962 address: worded to the archive record, on one source. The entry said he called for Algeria to be granted independence and called the address a major turning point, which is more than the record shows. The INA catalogue entry for the broadcast gives the date, 5 February 1962, classifies it as an address, and describes him condemning the OAS attacks firmly before setting out the possible routes to Algerian independence. The entry now says that, and nothing further. It carries a single source: no second independent publisher could be read for this broadcast, after searches of the Elysee index, the FranceArchives finding aid for his speeches, the Senate Journal officiel of 21 March 1962 and Gallica all drew a blank, and a padded second citation was refused. Read the entry.

Battle of Debre Tabor: the outcome corrected, and the dating on Rubenson's authority. The entry said Ras Ali Alula defeated Wube Haile Maryam without describing how the battle went. The only readable source for it is the Nordic Africa Institute compilation quoting Rubenson (1976): the battle on 7 February 1842, Ali's army beaten at first with Ali fleeing, and Birru Aligaz then rallying Oromo troops to capture Wube and his entourage. The entry now says that. The same compilation notes that Abir dates the battle 6 February, which is part of why it carries one source rather than two. Read the entry.

Luanda was founded in 1576, not 1575. The entry dated the founding to 1575, the year Paulo Dias de Novais reached the region and set up his first settlement on the island in the bay. Britannica and BlackPast both give 1576 for the founding of Sao Paulo de Luanda, and the entry now says that. Neither source read supports the 25 January day, which remains the archive's filing. Read the entry.

Tunisia's 1846 abolition: a first in the Muslim world, not the world. The entry called the decree one of the first in the world to formally end slavery. UNESCO's Memory of the World entry for the Tunisian archives states that Tunisia was the first country in the Muslim world to abolish slavery and calls the 1846 decision unprecedented in the Muslim world at the time; ASOR dates it 23 January 1846. The entry now carries that narrower, sourced claim. Read the entry.

Barricades week: barricades in Algiers, not seized government buildings. The entry said the insurgents seized government buildings in Algiers. The French defence ministry's account of the episode dates it 24 January to 1 February 1960 and describes armed militias in the streets; the peer-reviewed CERIST account records that the insurgents isolated the university quarter and installed barricades to control strategic sectors. Storming the General Government building belongs to the 13 May 1958 crisis. The entry now describes the barricades and the university quarter. Read the entry.

Timite Bassori: a father of Ivorian cinema, not of West African cinema. The entry widened the claim his biographers make. Africultures and the Luxor African Film Festival both describe him as one of the fathers of the Ivorian cinema, and both give his birth on 30 December 1933 at Aboisso. The entry now says that, and no more. Read the entry.

Jean-Claude Beton took over Orangina; he did not found it. The entry credited him with founding the Orangina brand. His father Leon bought the formula, then called Naranjina, from a Spanish pharmacist in 1935, and Jean-Claude took over the company in 1947 and turned it into an international brand, as the New York Times and France 24 both record. The entry now says that. Read the entry.

Ardrey's book is African Genesis, not The African Genesis. The entry gave the 1961 book a definite article it does not carry. The University of Chicago Library's finding aid and ESAT at Stellenbosch both list African Genesis (1961), the first of his trilogy on human evolution, and give his dates as 1908-1980, which is consistent with the entry's age of 71. Read the entry.

Jean-Marie Dore's age at death was not supported. The entry said he died at 78. Jeune Afrique gives his birth at Bossou in 1938, which makes him 77 in January 2016, and Africanews' report of the death gives no age. The entry now records the death in Conakry on 29 January 2016 and drops the age. Read the entry.

Fountains Valley was proclaimed a game sanctuary on 25 February 1895. The entry sat on 1 February and called the reserve the oldest nature reserve in Africa. The City of Tshwane and Visit Tshwane both record the proclamation by President Paul Kruger on 25 February 1895 and describe it as the first game sanctuary on the African continent, which is the claim the entry now carries, on that date. Read the entry.

P. W. Botha resigned the National Party leadership on 2 February 1989. The entry sat on 3 February. South African History Online dates the resignation to 2 February 1989, and the Nelson Mandela Foundation's chronology records that Botha, recuperating from a stroke suffered on 18 January, resigned as party leader that day and remained state president until August 1989. The entry now sits on the 2nd. Read the entry.

Sherif Ismail: the prime-ministerial ordinal was list numbering. The entry called him the 53rd prime minister of Egypt, a number no source read supports; such lists count acting and caretaker officeholders. The Egyptian State Information Service and the Presidency both record only that he served from 2015 to 2018, and reported his death on 4 February 2023. The entry now gives those dates and drops the ordinal. Read the entry.

The Battle of Keren opened in early February 1941, not on the 5th. The entry sat on 5 February. The Indian official history heads its chapter The First Assault on Keren and has 2 Camerons attacking at 1400 hours on 3 February 1941, with 1 Rajputana Rifles probing on the 4th; Playfair's British official history puts the leading troops at the foot of the Keren position on the afternoon of 2 February. The entry now sits on the 3rd and records the opening assault. Read the entry.

The Central African Republic was proclaimed a member state of the French Community. The entry said the territory attained self-rule within the French Union, an arrangement the September 1958 referendum had already superseded. Oubangui-Chari was proclaimed the Central African Republic on 1 December 1958 as a self-governing member state of the French Community, with Barthelemy Boganda as its first head of government. Read the entry.

The Civil Union Act came into operation on 30 November 2006, not 1 December. The commencement date written into the Act, and into the gazette, is 30 November 2006; 1 December was the day the first marriages were solemnised, and the deadline the Constitutional Court had set. The entry now says that, and still records that South Africa was the first country in Africa to allow same-sex couples to marry. Read the entry.

The Benghazi Tu-154 carried 165 people, not 74. The 1977 Libyan Arab Airlines crash killed 59 of the 165 people aboard, six crew and 159 passengers on a pilgrim flight from Mecca, not 59 of 74. The entry now gives the full occupancy and says the aircraft ran out of fuel and made a forced landing. Read the entry.

Iwe Irohin: the 3 December 1859 date was not supported. Peer-reviewed press history (Omu, Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 1967) and Nigerian accounts dated by the newspaper's own anniversaries put its founding and first publication on 23 November 1859; 3 December is a widely repeated alternative that no source read for this pass supported. The entry keeps what is documented, Townsend's Yoruba-language fortnightly at Abeokuta in 1859 and its later English supplement, and drops the contested day. Read the entry.

Michael Essien: an unsourced superlative, and a one-season loan. The entry called him one of the most decorated Ghanaian footballers of all time, which no source consulted states, and made him a Chelsea and Real Madrid star when the Spanish spell was a single season on loan. The entry now says what he did: nine seasons at Chelsea, and a season-long loan at Real Madrid. Read the entry.

Walwal, 5 December 1934: both sides blamed the other. The entry stated as fact that Italian troops attacked Ethiopian forces. The Italian account was that the Ethiopian escort attacked the garrison, the Ethiopian account blamed the Italians, and the United States charge in Rome reported on 8 December 1934 that responsibility had not yet been determined. The entry now says the forces clashed and that both sides blamed the other, which is what the record supports; the incident as Italy's pretext for the invasion that followed stands. Read the entry.

Saint-Domingue 1803: transports, not warships, and not the end of the revolution. The vessels taken on 6 December 1803 were two French feluccas, a French schooner and two American vessels carrying the Mole garrison, not five French warships, and General Noailles escaped with one brig. The seizure also did not by itself effectively end the Haitian Revolution: it followed the evacuation of Mole-Saint-Nicolas, and independence came with Dessalines's declaration on 1 January 1804. Read the entry.

Fagunwa drowned on 7 December 1963, not the 9th. The entry sat on 9 December. The African Studies Centre Leiden and Nigerian accounts record that he drowned on 7 December 1963, that his body was recovered about three days later and that he was buried on 10 December. The entry now sits on the 7th. Read the entry.

Upper Volta's date, not Dahomey's. The entry gave 11 December 1958 to both territories. That is Upper Volta's date; Dahomey, now Benin, was proclaimed a republic within the French Community on 4 December 1958, as the Fondation Charles de Gaulle and the Beninese government both record. The entry now gives each its own date. The archive is missing a 4 December entry it ought to have. Read the entry.

Grace Alele-Williams: a superlative narrowed to what the sources say. She was described as Nigeria's first female professor, which the sources read do not support in that general form. They record her as the first Nigerian woman to be awarded a doctorate, the first female vice-chancellor of a Nigerian university, and the first female professor of mathematics education. The entry now uses the first two. Read the entry.

Ben Bella was born in 1918; 1916 was the register. The entry carried 1916, the year his father entered in the civil register after adding two years to his son's age. Authoritative sources give 25 December 1918 at Maghnia. The entry now gives 1918 and explains the 1916 in the official record. Read the entry.

Air France 8969: seized on the 24th, stormed on the 26th. The entry sat on 26 December and said the hijackers seized the aircraft in Algiers that day. The seizure was 24 December 1994; 26 December is when the GIGN assault at Marseille ended it, killing all four hijackers. The entry now describes the assault and places the seizure two days earlier. Read the entry.

Mombasa: polling was on the 27th, the riots came after the 30th. The entry dated the riots to 27 December 2007. That was polling day; Mwai Kibaki was declared the winner on 30 December, and the rioting followed the declaration, as Human Rights Watch and the International IDEA both record. The entry now describes the election and its aftermath rather than placing the riots on polling day. Read the entry.

Cameron reached the coast on 7 November 1875, not the 28th. The entry sat on 28 November, a date that traces to the 1901 Dictionary of National Biography line repeated by reference works that mirror it. Britannica and Princeton both give 7 November 1875, when Cameron arrived at Katombela on the coast of what is now Angola. The entry now sits on the 7th, and its claim has been narrowed to what Princeton states: the first traverse of tropical Africa by a European from east to west. Read the entry.

The Bamako hotel attack toll was the day-of figure. The entry gave at least 19 dead in the Radisson Blu attack of November 2015, which was the lowest number reported on the day. The settled count is 20, with some 170 guests and staff taken hostage. The entry now gives that, rather than the first figure to reach the wires. Read the entry.

Cyril Ramaphosa was born in Johannesburg, not Soweto. The entry said he was born in Soweto. The Presidency says he was born in Johannesburg on 17 November 1952 and that the family was moved from Western Native Township to Soweto in 1962, when he was nine; South African History Online gives Johannesburg and has him growing up in the township. The entry now distinguishes the two. Read the entry.

The Fashoda entry was on a date nothing happened, and in the wrong country. The entry sat on 3 November 1898 and said France withdrew its troops from Fashoda "in present-day Sudan" that day. The withdrawal was months off, and Fashoda is now Kodok, in South Sudan, not Sudan. Britannica dates the confrontation itself to 18 September 1898, which is where the entry now sits: British and French forces facing each other at Fashoda, with France withdrawing later in the crisis. Read the entry.

Bokassa died on 3 November 1996, not the 2nd. The entry sat on 2 November. Britannica and Riccardo Orizio, who met him, both give 3 November 1996, at his home in Bangui, aged 75. The entry now sits on the 3rd and says where he died. Read the entry.

Ibrahim Abboud was not Sudan's first president. The entry called him the first President of Sudan. The sources read for this pass describe the general who seized power in November 1958 as leading Sudan's first military government until 1964, and as head of state - not as a president, an office that came later. The claim now says what he did. Read the entry.

The Ivorian transition ran the other way round. The entry put Robert Guei's fall from power on 26 October 2000. Guei fled on 25 October, after the army and police abandoned him; the 26th is the day Laurent Gbagbo was sworn in. The entry now describes the swearing-in and dates the flight to the day before, and states the near-ten-month period of military rule it ended. Read the entry.

The Yom Kippur War ceasefire was Resolution 340, not 339. The entry credited Resolution 339, adopted on 23 October, with reinforcing the ceasefire that ended the fighting. The resolution adopted on 25 October was 340, and it is the one that held: it demanded an immediate and complete ceasefire and a return to the positions held at 1650 GMT on 22 October, and Israel accepted it. Corrected. Read the entry.

An unattributed "first" over Marjorie Joyner's patent. The entry called her the first Black woman to patent a permanent hair-wave machine. The sources read describe her 1928 patent (U.S. 1,693,515) and the National Archives Foundation places her only among the first African American women to receive a patent at all. The superlative is gone and the patent is named. Read the entry.

Ismail al-Azhari: the entry refiled as a death. The entry sat on 20 October as a birth, a day supported only by Wikipedia and its mirrors - Britannica gives 30 October 1900 and BlackPast 26 October. Rather than assert a disputed birthday, the entry now sits on 26 August 1969, the date Britannica gives for his death, and records that he led Sudan to independence as its first prime minister and later served as head of state. Read the entry.

Maurice El Mediouni was an Algerian pianist, not a pied-noir one. The entry described him as a leading figure of chaabi and "pied-noir music". The Guardian's obituary credits him with playing a key role in the development of the Algerian styles chaabi and rai, and nothing read for this pass calls him a pied-noir musician. Rewritten to the Guardian's wording. Read the entry.

The Sullivan Principles were a code of conduct, not a divestment campaign. The entry said Leon Sullivan authored the Principles "pressuring US companies to divest from apartheid South Africa". Launched in 1977 with twelve corporate signatories, they were a code of conduct for companies operating in South Africa - desegregating workplaces, equal pay, Black advancement. Sullivan called for full divestment years later, from 1987. The entry now describes the code. Read the entry.

Mubarak was sworn in on 14 October 1981, not elected on it. The entry, filed on 14 October, said Mubarak was elected president a week after Sadat was shot. The confirmation referendum was on 13 October 1981; what happened on the 14th was his swearing-in. The entry now describes the oath, eight days after the assassination. Read the entry.

An unsupported ordinal, and a chiefly title confused with it. The entry called Poure Puobe VII "eighth president of the National House of Chiefs". That ordinal traces only to reference works that mirror each other, and the sources read for this pass describe him differently: the National House of Chiefs' own list has him acting in the post for part of 1999, and Ghanaian reporting remembers him as the Paramount Chief of Nandom, which the entry now says. Read the entry.

Armand Mouyal never won an Olympic title. The entry gave him Olympic and world epee titles. His Olympic medal was bronze, in the 1956 team event; the world-championship record for him could not be pinned down to a title in the sources read, so the claim now states only the medal that is documented. Read the entry.

The El Asnam earthquake toll was understated. The entry gave about 2,500 dead in the October 1980 Algerian earthquake. The reconnaissance and engineering literature records more than 2,700 casualties and about 70 percent of the city destroyed, and the final toll was later put at around 3,500. The entry now gives both figures. Read the entry.

The 1790 Oran earthquake: the toll, and whose city it was. The entry called Oran an Algerian coastal city and put the dead at an estimated 3,000. In 1790 Oran was a Spanish presidio, and the modern literature estimates more than 2,000 dead, about 22 percent of its population; contemporary despatches range from near 2,000 to a reasoned 3,000. The entry now says Spanish-held and gives the range instead of a single figure. Read the entry.

Jakaya Kikwete was born in 1950, not 1952. The entry carried 1952. Tanzania's President's Office gives his birth as 7 October 1950 at Msoga, and the Southern African Research and Documentation Centre agrees. The year is corrected; the office and the day were right. Read the entry.

A South African general election that did not happen on that day. The entry sat on 8 October 1966 and described South Africa's first general election since becoming a republic. No election was held that day: the 1966 election was on 30 March, and the first election after the republic was on 18 October 1961. The entry now sits on 30 March 1966 and describes the election that was actually held. Read the entry.

Thabo Mbeki's resignation: the entry moved to the day it took effect. The entry sat on 24 September 2008 and said he resigned that day. Parliament's own procedural record shows he submitted his resignation to the National Assembly on 21 September after the ANC decided to recall him, and that the House agreed it would take effect on 25 September, when Kgalema Motlanthe was elected to succeed him. Nothing happened on the 24th beyond his last hours in office. The entry now sits on the 25th and describes the sequence. Read the entry.

Modibo Keita's presidency: the entry moved to 22 September. The entry sat on 23 September 1960. The Malian and French-language accounts read for this pass put both the proclamation of independence and Keita's assumption of the presidency on 22 September 1960, the same day the Sudanese Republic became the Republic of Mali. The entry now sits on the 22nd. Read the entry.

A contested air-crash toll was stated as settled fact. The entry gave 159 dead in the September 1992 Nigerian Air Force C-130 crash at Lagos. The aviation accident record gives 159 (8 crew and 151 passengers), ThisDay reports 158, and other Nigerian accounts give 160. The entry now says the toll was reported between 158 and 160 rather than picking one figure. Read the entry.

Ferhat Abbas held the wrong office on 25 September 1962. The entry said he was elected president of the provisional government when the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria was proclaimed. He had headed the Provisional Government of the Algerian Republic from 1958 until August 1961, when Benyoucef Ben Khedda succeeded him; in September 1962 he was president of the country's first National Constituent Assembly. The entry now says that. Read the entry.

Ambrose Alli founded one university, not several. The entry credited him, as governor of Bendel State, with founding several universities. The sources read for this pass document one, Bendel State University at Ekpoma, alongside a wider expansion of colleges and secondary schooling. The claim now names the university. Read the entry.

Shyima Hall was born outside Alexandria, not in it. The entry said she was born in Alexandria. Her memoir and the academic study of it place her birth in a small town near the city, and the reporting based on her book says the same. The entry now says near Alexandria, and the unattributed description of her as a prominent activist has been dropped. Read the entry.

Dongola was occupied on 23 September 1896, not the 21st. The entry sat on 21 September. Kitchener's own despatch in the London Gazette puts his main force south of Sowarat on the night of 21-22 September, with the occupation on the morning of the 23rd when the Egyptian flag was raised over the Mudiria; Churchill's The River War has the gunboat flotilla reaching the town on the 19th and the Dervishes re-occupying it on the 20th, the day before. The entry now sits on the day the town was taken. Read the entry.

Thirteen African states were admitted to the UN on 20 September 1960, not sixteen. The entry said sixteen newly independent African nations were admitted in a single session, and listed Mali and Senegal among them. The UN Yearbook's record of resolutions 1476-1489 (XV) shows fourteen states admitted by acclamation that day, thirteen of them African, plus Cyprus. Senegal and Mali followed on 28 September and Nigeria on 7 October - which is where a total of sixteen African states for the whole of 1960 comes from. Rewritten. Read the entry.

A "first" that belonged to someone else: Fritz Pollard. The entry said Pollard became the first African American to play professional football for a major team. Charles Follis was paid to play for the Shelby Blues from 1902, and Bobby Marshall made his league debut on 26 September 1920, two weeks before Pollard's; the Pro Football Hall of Fame itself calls Pollard one of just two African Americans in the new league. The entry now says what he was - one of the first two - and dates his signing to 1919. Read the entry.

Serge Ibaka was never an NBA All-Star. The entry described him as an NBA champion and All-Star. He was never selected to an All-Star team. The claim is dropped rather than replaced, and the entry now says only what the records support. Read the entry.

Freeman Mbowe no longer chairs Chadema. The entry, written in the present tense, said he chairs the party. Tundu Lissu was elected national chairperson on 22 January 2025, ending Mbowe's two decades in the post. Rewritten in the past tense. Read the entry.

The Cape capitulated on 16 September 1795, not the 15th. The entry sat on 15 September. The Dutch council agreed surrender terms late on the night of the 15th, but Scientia Militaria and the SA History Timeline both date the capitulation and the start of the British occupation to 16 September. The entry now sits on the 16th. Read the entry.

The Meredith admission order came from a district court, not an appeals court. The entry credited "a U.S. federal appeals court". The Fifth Circuit's own opinion records that it entered its order on 28 July 1962 and that the District Court for the Southern District of Mississippi - Judge Sidney Mize's court, which heard the case first - entered the order requiring Meredith's admission on 13 September 1962. Corrected. Read the entry.

An unsupported superlative over the 1989 Cape Town march. The entry called the march "the largest anti-apartheid march in South African history". The Apartheid Museum calls it the city's biggest protest in 30 years and estimates about 30,000 marchers; the South African government's Tutu biography gives the same figure. The superlative is gone and the march is described by what the sources actually say. Read the entry.

Emir Abdelkader resisted for fifteen years, not seventeen. The entry gave 17 years of resistance. The sources read for this pass date his investiture to late 1832 and his surrender to December 1847, which is fifteen years; the one source using "seventeen" also uses fifteen and eighteen in the same piece. Changed to fifteen. Read the entry.

A species count attached to the wrong Smith. The entry credited Margaret Mary Smith with co-discovering hundreds of fish species. The institute she directed credits her, with Phil Heemstra, with describing three, and the large species count belongs to the revision of "Sea Fishes of Southern Africa" she co-edited and to her husband, J.L.B. Smith. The clause now says what the sources support: that she illustrated the book and directed the institute named for him. Read the entry.

Ruby Bridges desegregated her school six years after her birth, and not alone. The entry said she became the first Black child to desegregate an all-white New Orleans school "a year later". She was born in 1954 and entered William Frantz Elementary on 14 November 1960, aged six, and she was one of four six-year-old girls who desegregated New Orleans public elementary schools that morning. Rewritten to say both. Read the entry.

The Little Rock call-out and the turn-away were two different days. The entry put the National Guard call-out on 4 September 1957. Governor Orval Faubus announced on television on 2 September that he had called the Guard out; 4 September is the day the troops, already deployed, turned the nine students away. Rewritten to describe both. Read the entry.

Operation OAU was a Nigerian offensive, not an OAU peace initiative. The entry described Operation OAU as a peace initiative of the Organisation of African Unity. It was the Nigerian 3 Marine Commando Division offensive that began in September 1968, named after its objectives Owerri, Aba and Umuahia. The OAU did run a separate mediation effort that year, which the entry was not describing. Rewritten. Read the entry.

The Tarasin landslide toll was attributed, not asserted. The entry gave more than 1,000 killed as settled fact. That figure is the Sudan Liberation Movement/Army's own, and it is the group that controlled the village; the reporting read for this pass says the area was largely inaccessible and the toll unverified. The entry now attributes the figure. Read the entry.

John Kani was born in 1943, not 1942. The entry gave 1942. Stellenbosch University's ESAT and South African History Online both give 30 August 1943 in New Brighton, Port Elizabeth, and ESAT notes one source giving 30 November 1942. The year is corrected. Read the entry.

Reuben Kamanga's birth date: the entry moved to 2 August. The entry sat on 26 August, a date carried only by Wikipedia, whose own citation for it says it was imported from English Wikipedia. Zambia's National Road Fund Agency gives his birth as 2 August 1929 at Chitandika village, Chipata District, which is where the entry now sits. The two dates are three weeks apart and neither has a second independent source; the Zambian government publication is the stronger of the two. Read the entry.

The "first political party" claim about Bankole-Bright was withdrawn. The entry said Bankole-Bright helped found "Sierra Leone's first political party". What he headed was the National Council of Sierra Leone, a Krio party formed around 1950; the Sierra Leone People's Party followed in 1951. The sources read do not settle which of the two counts as the first party, so the superlative was removed and the party named instead. Read the entry.

An al-Qaeda founding entry gave a location no readable source supports. The entry placed the 1988 meeting that founded al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. The 9/11 Commission Report supports an August 1988 founding but gives no location, and the accounts that do give one put the founding meeting in Peshawar, Pakistan. Rather than swap one unread location for another, the location has been dropped. Read the entry.

Rhodesia was barred from the Munich Games in 1972, not expelled from the IOC. The entry said Rhodesia "was expelled from the International Olympic Committee". On 22 August 1972 the IOC voted 36 to 31, with three abstentions, to withdraw Rhodesia's invitation to the Munich Games after African nations threatened a boycott. The expulsion came in 1975. Rewritten to describe the vote that actually happened that day. Read the entry.

Hassan II: the second attempt on his life came thirteen months after the first. The entry called the air-force attack of 16 August 1972 "one of two attempts on his life that year". The earlier attempt was the Skhirat attack of 10 July 1971, thirteen months before. Rewritten. Read the entry.

The Pretoria summit on the Congo war was 23 August 1998, not the 21st. The entry sat on 21 August. The SADC summit that Nelson Mandela convened in Pretoria, which called for an immediate ceasefire and mandated him to organise it with the OAU, took place on 23 August 1998; on the 21st he had only publicly called for such a summit. Moved. Read the entry.

Zimbabwe was outside the United Nations for four months, not five. The entry said Zimbabwe joined the UN "five months after gaining independence from Britain". Independence came on 18 April 1980 and admission to the UN on 25 August 1980, a gap of about four months. Fixed. Read the entry.

Eugene Bullard's posthumous commission was 14 September 1994. The entry sat on 23 August 1994, the anniversary of the day the US Army Air Service rejected him in 1917. The Air Force's own record and the Smithsonian place his posthumous appointment to second lieutenant on 14 September 1994. Moved. Read the entry.

Louis IX's successor was his son, not his brother Charles. The entry called Charles I of Naples Louis IX's "brother and successor". Charles was his brother; Louis was succeeded as king by his son Philip III. The claim that Charles was forced into peace talks went with it, because no readable source for it could be produced. Rewritten to record the death and the crusade. Read the entry.

Fatima Meer's 1981 banning was a renewal, not a second ban. The entry said Meer "was banned for a second time" on this date. Her banning history runs back to the 1950s, and the order in force that July had been issued on 22 July 1976 for five years, which South African History Online's own list of banned people records as expiring on 31/7/1981. The 1981 order extended it by a further five years, as SAHO's general timeline, the O'Malley Archives chronology, a University of KwaZulu-Natal tribute and Amnesty International's 1982 annual report all describe it. Rewritten to say the order was renewed. The earlier wording had followed the title of a SAHO dated-event page reading "Fatima Meer is banned for a second time", which SAHO's own timeline and banned-people list both contradict. Read the entry.

South Kasai's secession was declared 8 August, not 9. The entry sat on 9 August 1960. Three independent sources, none of them Wikipedia, date Albert Kalonji's declaration of South Kasai's secession to 8 August. Moved. Read the entry.

Otema Allimadi was Uganda's prime minister once, not twice. The entry said he "twice served as prime minister." Both sources describe one term as prime minister, 1980 to 1985, preceded by a separate term as foreign minister. Fixed. Read the entry.

Slavery at the Cape ended four months later than the rest of the Empire. The entry grouped the Cape Colony with colonies where the Slavery Abolition Act took effect 1 August 1834. Two South African sources say the Cape was a delayed exception, with abolition there taking effect 1 December 1834. Fixed. Read the entry.

A Sinai withdrawal entry described the wrong milestone. The entry said Israel "began" its withdrawal from Sinai on this date. The withdrawal actually began months earlier, in April 1979; July 25 was the second stage, the handover of a 6,000-square-kilometre stretch of western Sinai including the Bir Naseb oasis. Rewritten to describe that handover specifically. (A JTA wire report reproduced two days later in a print newspaper names the ceremony as happening "Wednesday," which was July 25, not July 26 as the online JTA archive's own dateline suggests -- the date was correct all along, only the description was wrong.) Read the entry.

A 1980 Johannesburg strike's "largest ever" claim was too broad. The entry said 10,000-plus municipal workers staged the largest strike in Johannesburg's history. The much larger 1946 African Mine Workers' Union strike, with over 60,000 workers, predates it in the same metro area. Narrowed to the largest municipal workers' strike specifically, which is what the sourcing actually supports. Read the entry.

Abeid Karume's birthplace on Pemba Island isn't supported. The entry named Pemba Island as Karume's birthplace. Two independent sources instead point to Unguja, Zanzibar's main island, or possibly outside the archipelago entirely, and neither supports Pemba specifically. Narrowed to Zanzibar Sultanate, since the specific island is disputed. Read the entry.

John Garang died six months after the peace deal, not weeks. The entry said Garang died "weeks after signing a peace deal" ending Sudan's civil war. That deal was signed 9 January 2005, more than six months before his 30 July 2005 death. What happened three weeks earlier was his swearing-in as Sudan's first vice president under that deal, on 9 July. Fixed to describe what actually happened three weeks out. Read the entry.

The Slocum massacre toll was stated as settled fact. It isn't. The entry gave "more than 100" killed with no attribution. The only official count, the 1910 grand jury investigation, documented eight confirmed dead. Researchers who have since revisited the case believe the real toll was much higher, bodies were never fully recovered from the woods, and estimates run as high as 200, but there is no settled number. Rewritten to give the official count and note the higher estimates, rather than stating one figure as fact. Read the entry.

Oliver Tambo left South Africa in March 1960, not July. The entry had Tambo leaving in July 1960. A British parliamentary debate from 31 March 1960 already had him arrived in the Bechuanaland Protectorate by then, and South African History Online dates his departure to 28 March, days after the Sharpeville massacre. Moved four months. Read the entry.

French forces retook Bizerte on 23 July 1961, not the 20th. The entry had the siege ending 20 July. Three independent accounts place the ceasefire and French takeover on 23 July, with fighting still underway on the 20th. Moved. Read the entry.

A South African advance in Namibia was filed a month late. The entry dated an outflanking advance toward Grootfontein and Tsumeb to 20 July 1915. The same sources place the German surrender at Khorab on 9 July, eleven days earlier, so an advance toward those towns in July is impossible. Moved to June. Read the entry.

Alpha Condé survived an assassination attempt, not a coup. The entry called the 2011 attack on Condé's residence both an assassination attempt and a coup bid. Condé himself, in contemporary reporting, drew the line: "This was an assassination attempt," not a coup d'etat, and an analysis of the incident found no coordinated military effort to seize state institutions. Fixed. Read the entry.

Zolani Mahola was born in Port Elizabeth, not Bhisho. The entry gave Bhisho as her birthplace. Two sources place her birth in Port Elizabeth (Gqeberha); Bhisho only enters her life story later, as a place she lived with her father as a teenager. Fixed. Read the entry.

A French relief force broke the siege at Fort Médine, not Kayes. The entry had Faidherbe relieving French forces at Kayes, Senegal. The besieged post was Fort Médine, a separate fort about 12 km away on the Senegal River. Fixed. Read the entry.

Painter Florence Fuller died near Sydney, not in Melbourne. The entry gave Melbourne, where she spent her early career. Both sources place her death at Gladesville, in the Sydney area, where she had been committed. Fixed. Read the entry.

Stellaland's capital is in North West province, not Northern Cape. The entry placed the former Boer Republic of Stellaland in what is now South Africa's Northern Cape. Its capital, Vryburg, has sat in North West province since the 1994 provincial reorganization. Fixed. Read the entry.

The Carver National Monument was dedicated in 1953, not 1955. The entry gave 1955. The National Park Service's own history and the State Historical Society of Missouri both date the dedication ceremony to 1953, a decade after Congress created the monument by law in 1943. No 1955 event exists in either source. Fixed, and "national park" corrected to "national monument," its actual designation. Read the entry.

The Security Council did not admit South Sudan to the UN, it recommended admission. The entry said the Security Council's Resolution 1999 admitted South Sudan as a member state. Under the UN Charter only the General Assembly can admit a new member; the Council can only recommend it. The Assembly did that the next day, July 14, 2011, making South Sudan the 193rd member. Fixed to describe what the resolution actually did. Read the entry.

Somalia never formally declared war on Ethiopia in 1977. The entry said Somalia "declared war" on Ethiopia to open the Ogaden War. No formal declaration occurred: Ethiopia's own foreign minister called it an "undeclared war" in a July 1977 cable, and Somalia spent months publicly denying its regular army, rather than WSLF guerrillas, was involved. Fixed to "invaded ... without a formal declaration of war." Read the entry.

The AWB was founded in Heidelberg, not Ventersdorp, and probably on 3 July. The entry said the Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging was founded in Ventersdorp on 7 July 1973. Two independent sources put the founding in a garage in Heidelberg, Transvaal, Ventersdorp was where the group later based itself and where founder Eugène Terre'Blanche farmed. One of those sources, South African History Online's biography of Terre'Blanche, also gives the date as 3 July, not 7 July. No source found gave a fully sourced day-level citation, but 3 July is the only dated claim tied to an institutional archive rather than an uncited encyclopedia line, so the entry is moved there. Location fixed either way. Read the entry.

A church-council meeting with P.W. Botha was filed a month early. The entry sat on 7 July 1985. South African History Online dates the South African Council of Churches' meeting with Botha to 7 August 1985, and the timeline backs that up: the emergency regulations the meeting was called to discuss were not declared until 20 July 1985, so a 7 July meeting could not have addressed them. Moved. Read the entry.

The Hamburg massacre death toll is disputed, not six exactly. The entry stated six African Americans were killed in the 1876 Hamburg massacre. Three independent accounts read this session do not agree with each other: one counts six, one counts seven, and the memorial to the black victims names seven. The entry now says "six or seven," rather than stating a single figure none of the sources fully support. Read the entry.

Ntare V's birth name was misspelled. The entry named the prince who deposed King Mwambutsa IV of Burundi in 1966 "Charles Ndizi." Two independent sources give his name as Charles Ndizeye, the name he held before taking the throne as Ntare V. Fixed. Read the entry.

Germany's 5 July 1884 treaty was with Togo, not Cameroon. The entry said Germany took possession of Cameroon that day. The protection treaty signed 5 July 1884 was with King Mlapa III's representatives at Baguida, establishing the Togoland protectorate. Germany's actual Cameroon treaty, with the Duala kings Bell and Akwa, was signed a week later, 12 July 1884, at Douala. Fixed to name Togo, the commissioner and the place. Read the entry.

Diogo Cão reached the Congo River in 1482, not 1484. The entry gave 1484. Every source read places the discovery in 1482; 1484 is when Cão returned to Lisbon and was ennobled for the voyage, not when he reached the river. No source gives an exact day, so the entry now states the year only. Read the entry.

Muizenberg was fought in August, not July. The entry sat on 7 July 1795. Two independent sources place the landing and battle at Muizenberg on 7 August 1795. Moved. Read the entry.

The Lusaka Ceasefire Agreement: Zambia was never a signatory. The entry listed Zambia among the seven countries that signed the 1999 ceasefire. Contemporary reporting names six signatories: the DRC, Angola, Namibia, Rwanda, Uganda and Zimbabwe. Zambia's President Frederick Chiluba hosted and witnessed the signing at Lusaka but did not sign as a party. Fixed. Read the entry.

An EgyptAir crash was filed on the wrong date, with the wrong cause. The entry said a Tupolev Tu-154 crashed shortly after takeoff on 10 July 1974. The only readable accident record found dates it to 9 July, and describes a training flight that stalled during an overshoot after a low pass, not a takeoff crash. Moved, and the description corrected. Read the entry.

A Neanderthal DNA report conflated two very different ages. The entry said the 1997 mitochondrial DNA study placed the African common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern humans at 100,000 to 200,000 years ago. That range is roughly when modern humans are thought to have arisen in Africa. Contemporary reporting on the study itself put the Neanderthal-modern human common ancestor far earlier, on the order of half a million years or more. Fixed. Read the entry.

Neville Alexander's arrest was filed a day early. The entry sat on 11 July 1963. Both sources read give 12 July. Moved. Read the entry.

Eden's resignation: the arithmetic was off by a month. The entry said Anthony Eden resigned three months after the failed Suez intervention. The ceasefire was 6-7 November 1956; his resignation was 9 January 1957. That is two months, not three, however the start of “failure” is dated. Fixed. Read the entry.

Tete funeral poisoning: the casualty figures were added together twice. The entry said the 2015 poisoning “killed 75 people and sickened over 230 others,” which reads as roughly 305 total. The peer-reviewed investigation's 234 is the total sickened, including the 75 who died. The entry's own cited Al Jazeera source, read directly, only reported 56 dead as of its publication date, so it did not even support the 75 already in the text. The entry now gives 234 sickened, the early reported toll of 56, and the peer-reviewed study's final toll of 75. Read the entry.

Elspeth Huxley was not Kenyan-born. The entry called her a “Kenyan-born” writer. She was born in London and moved to Kenya as a young child. Fixed. Read the entry.

Biafra's surrender: the war lasted 30 months, not 32. The entry said the Nigerian Civil War ran 32 months before the January 1970 surrender. From the war's start on 6 July 1967, that is 30 months, confirmed by both date arithmetic and a peer-reviewed source that twice calls it a thirty-month war. Fixed. Read the entry.

The Massacre of the Sixty cited a report that never mentions it. The entry's sole source was a 1994 Human Rights Watch PDF. Read in full, it contains no mention of Aklilu Habte-Wold and no reference to this event at all; it is the wrong document. HRW's actual 1991 report on the period, Evil Days, does cover it and puts the toll at 60, not the 58 the entry gave; a peer-reviewed study puts it at 59. Neither figure is 58. The citation now points to the report that actually discusses the massacre, and the toll gives both figures. Read the entry.

Alexandria church bombing: the toll split between sources, and the entry took the higher one. The entry said 23 were killed in the 2011 New Year bombing outside a Coptic church in Alexandria. Al Jazeera's report the same day and the United Nations Secretary-General's statement two days later both give 21; 23 traces mainly to the entry's own source and pages that appear to draw on Wikipedia. No authoritative final Egyptian count settles it, so the entry now gives 21 as the better-corroborated figure and notes that some accounts put it at 23. Read the entry.

Léopoldville 1959: the toll was the colonial government's first and lowest count. The entry gave the Congolese dead as mid-thirties to fifty. That is the Belgian administration's own initial count, 47. The same administration revised it upward during the crisis, to 71, then about 100, then 200, and a Congolese historian puts the toll at 250 to 300. The entry now gives that range. It also hedged between two or three days of unrest; no source found gives three, so it now says two to four, matching the two sources that do give a figure. Read the entry.

The January 1961 Algeria referendum: 92 per cent turnout belonged to a different vote. The entry said the self-determination referendum passed on a 92 per cent turnout. The official results give about 74 per cent of registered voters nationally, 76 per cent in metropolitan France and only 59 per cent in Algeria, where the FLN had urged a boycott. Ninety-two per cent appears to belong to Algeria's own independence referendum the following year. The entry now gives the metropolitan and Algerian turnout figures separately, since the boycott made them diverge sharply. Read the entry.

Baixa de Cassanje was filed a day early, and had no casualty figure at all. The entry sat on 3 January and said the revolt “escalated” that day, with 4 January only the day it “spread.” Two archive-based studies and the entry’s own Lisbon museum source all put the first open incidents on 4 January, not the 3rd. Moved, and rewritten to name the company and the district. It also gave no casualty figure, though the sources cited already contain one: the Portuguese count at the time was 243, which historian Aharon de Grassi calls a deliberately low partial figure, and missionary accounts put it at 5,000 to 10,000. Both are now in the entry, attributed. Read the entry.

Abidjan stadium crush: the toll was the first number given, not the final one. The entry said the 2013 New Year stampede at Félix Houphouët-Boigny Stadium killed at least 60 and injured about 200. Sixty was the preliminary figure Ivorian officials gave on the day; by the following week they were giving 64, and reporting at the time put the injured above 200. Both are fixed. Read the entry.

Tondibi: an unsourced detail was dropped, and the chronicle's own date noted. The entry said Judar Pasha’s force was about 4,000, half of them arquebusiers, with English cannon. Neither the UNESCO General History of Africa nor the Tarikh es-Soudan, the main contemporary chronicle, supports the arquebusier proportion or the English cannon; both give the force as 3,000 to 4,000 with no breakdown. That detail is gone. The entry also stated 13 March as though the date were settled. Modern historians do put the battle in March, but the Tarikh es-Soudan itself dates it a month later, and the entry now says so. Read the entry.

17 October 1961: the entry's 1998 figure did not come from the 1998 report. The entry said France acknowledged 40 dead in 1998. The government's own 1998 archive review, the Mandelkern report, gives seven documented deaths plus 25 further bodies it could not rule out, and concludes only that the toll was in the tens; it does not state 40. That figure traces to an English Wikipedia footnote citing a 1991 book, which cannot be the source of a report written seven years later. The entry now gives the Mandelkern report's actual figures and cites historians House and MacMaster's estimate of well over 120 killed across the Paris region, rather than an unattributed 120 to 300. Read the entry.

LRA Christmas attacks: two different periods were paired as one figure. The entry said Human Rights Watch documented more than 865 killed and about 476 children abducted over Christmas 2008. The 865 figure is HRW's count for the Christmas attacks alone; the 476 is HRW's cumulative count for September 2008 through January 2009, a longer period. The entry now pairs the Christmas toll with HRW's Christmas-period abduction figure, at least 160. It also overstated HRW's finding on civilian protection, which said planners lacked an adequate contingency plan rather than made no provision at all; reworded to match. Read the entry.

Guinea stadium massacre: 156 was killed or disappeared, not killed. The entry said the UN inquiry found 156 people killed. The Commission’s report confirms 156 people killed or disappeared: 67 whose bodies were returned, 40 seen dead whose bodies vanished, and 49 last seen in the stadium. It adds that the true number is probably higher. The entry also said the junta acknowledged 57 dead; that was its first figure, and the tally it gave the inquiry was 63. Both are fixed. Read the entry.

Mogadishu graduation bombing: three of the figures were the lowest available. The entry said two journalists died and more than 40 were wounded, and stated as fact that the bomber was dressed as a woman. The BBC and the Committee to Protect Journalists name three journalists among the dead, and the BBC puts the wounded at more than 60. The disguise was the information minister’s claim on the day and is now attributed to him. The death toll is given as reported that day, at least 22, and as later put, 25. Read the entry.

Tana Delta: the toll and the displacement figure did not match the Kenyan inquiry. The entry said 54 died at Riketa in 2012 and 6,000 were displaced, and called the attack the start of the fighting. The Kenya National Commission on Human Rights, working from the Red Cross count, gives at least 52 dead at Riketa and nearly 20,000 displaced by September, and documents attacks from April onward, so Riketa was the deadliest attack rather than the first. The entry now gives both counts with their sources and drops the claim that it began the violence. Read the entry.

Sidi Hamed: the entry carried the state’s floor. It said more than 100 civilians were killed. That is the interior ministry’s count of 103, which Human Rights Watch treated as a floor. Reuters reported at the time that El Watan and Liberté, citing survivors, put the dead at about 400, which the ministry denied. The entry now gives both, attributed. Worldcrunch, a translation aggregator, is dropped as a source. Read the entry.

Macías Nguema: the toll figures were unattributed and did not match the cited source. The entry said more than 50,000 were killed and 125,000 fled under Macías. Its own cited source, BlackPast, gives nearly 80,000 killed and no exile figure; the International Commission of Jurists’ trial observer put the exiles at about 100,000. The entry now gives the range and attributes the population figure, and adds that the tribunal’s own list named 474 victims, which its president said was far from the true number. Read the entry.

Lugard did not take office five days later. The entry said Frederick Lugard took office as high commissioner of Northern Nigeria five days after the 1 January 1900 handover. Lugard’s own report to the Colonial Office says he took over from the Royal Niger Company and hoisted the Union flag at Lokoja at 7.20 that morning. The 6 January date appears only in an uncited Wikipedia infobox. Fixed. Read the entry.

Abu Inan Faris was filed ten months early. The Marinid sultan’s death sat on 10 January 1358. Ibn Khaldun, who was in Fez at the time, places the vizier’s coup on Wednesday 24 Dhu al-Hijja 759, which the Encyclopaedia of Islam converts to 27 November 1358, with the sultan’s death two days later. Dhu al-Hijja is the last month of the Islamic year, and 759 ended in early December 1358, so its final month cannot fall in January; the date looks like a calendar slip that New World Encyclopedia carried and we copied. The entry has moved to 27 November, names the vizier, and now says Ibn Khaldun recorded the strangling as a report rather than as something he saw. New World Encyclopedia is dropped as a source. Read the entry.

Benin’s Vodun Day: wrong year, and the state never named a religion. The entry said Benin’s government recognised Vodun as a national religion on 10 January 1996. We read the statute. Law 97-031, promulgated on 20 August 1997, makes 10 January a paid holiday for the country’s traditional religions and names no religion; the constitution keeps the state secular. The day itself was first declared under President Soglo after the Ouidah 92 festival, and no source we could read puts anything on 10 January 1996. The entry now sits on the promulgation date, says what the law actually did, and notes that a 2024 law moved the holiday to the second Friday of January. GRIOT Magazine, which carried the 1996 claim, is dropped as a source. Read the entry.

Coalbrook: two figures traced only to Wikipedia. The entry said some 900 pillars caved in about 180 metres underground. The refereed account in the Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, working from the Government Mining Engineer’s report, gives the depth of the collapsed seam as 137 metres and the collapse area as 324 hectares, with no pillar count. Neither 900 nor 180 could be traced to any primary or scholarly source. The entry now uses the refereed figures and gives both death tolls with their sources: 437 from the government inquiry, 435 from contemporary reports. Read the entry.

Sierra Leone: the disarmament count was below every source. The entry said around 45,000 fighters were disarmed in the process that closed the war in January 2002. The UN Secretary-General’s report gives 47,076 for the final phase; PBS reported more than 47,500 and the Congressional Research Service 46,500. Nothing we read supports 45,000. The entry now gives the UN figure. Read the entry.

Iva Valley: the toll was counted twice. The entry said police killed 21 miners and a bystander, which reads as 22 dead. The Colonial Office telegrams give 20 dead on the day and one of the wounded who died later, 21 in all, and Al Jazeera gives 20 miners plus one bystander, also 21. The bystander is inside the 21, not on top of it. Fixed. Read the entry.

Simon Mann was on the tarmac, not on the plane. The entry said he was arrested aboard a plane bound for Equatorial Guinea. The Telegraph’s obituary has him already in Harare, having flown ahead to buy the weapons, when the Boeing 727 carrying the other men landed. Some wire accounts do put him on the aircraft, so the earlier wording was not invented, but the detailed accounts agree he met it. The entry now says so, and describes his cause of death as reported rather than confirmed. Read the entry.

Yohannes IV was filed nine days early. The entry sat on 12 January. The chronicle date is 13 Terr 1864 in the Ethiopian calendar, which is 21 January 1872, and both an Aethiopica study of the coronation rite and Britannica give 21 January. The 12 January reading appears to come from taking the Ethiopian day number as a Gregorian one. The entry has moved. It also claimed this was the first coronation at Aksum since Fasilides in 1632; Iyasu I was crowned there in the 1690s, and 1632 is Fasilides’s accession, not his Aksum coronation. Both claims are gone. Read the entry.

Sachangwan: both fire tolls were the lowest in circulation. The entry said the 2009 tanker fire killed at least 113 and the Nairobi supermarket fire three days earlier about 25. Both were early running counts. The Red Cross’s final report puts the tanker fire at 140 dead, and a review of hospital records by a visiting burn team at 131. For the supermarket fire the Red Cross says at least 29, and the same team counted 46 once hospital deaths were included. The entry now gives the figures with who produced them. Read the entry.

Lagos armoury explosion: 1,100 was the number missing, not dead. The entry said at least 1,100 were killed and more than 20,000 displaced. In the contemporary record 1,100 is the number the Nigerian Red Cross listed as missing. The government confirmed more than 600 dead in the first week, Lagos State governor Bola Tinubu spoke of over 1,000 a year later, and Nigerian newspapers at the time put it above 2,000. The Red Cross registered about 12,000 people as displaced, not 20,000. The entry now gives that range, and names the two canals, Oke-Afa and Pako, rather than one. Read the entry.

Philippeville: the casualty breakdown was wrong and a figure was misattributed. The entry said the August 1955 attacks killed 123 civilians, 71 of them French. Benjamin Stora’s study of the massacres gives the French government general’s definitive count as 123 dead in total: 71 European civilians, 21 Muslim civilians and 31 police and soldiers. So 123 was not a civilian figure, and the 21 Muslim dead were French nationals too. The entry also attributed the 12,000 figure for Algerian dead to the FLN and The Times. Stora traces it to the Algerian side alone; we could not find The Times giving it. And it said the FLN had until then confined itself to military and government targets, which no source we read supports. The entry now carries the official breakdown, the FLN figure, and Stora’s judgment that the truth sits roughly halfway between. Read the entry.

El Adde: the toll was unattributed and below every well sourced figure. The entry gave an estimated 150 Kenyan soldiers killed at El Adde in 2016 with no attribution. Kenya never published a figure. Somalia’s president said 180 or close to 200, a community leader told the BBC he counted about 190 bodies, two officials familiar with the recovery told CNN at least 141, and al-Shabaab claimed about 100. The entry now gives all four with their sources. Read the entry.

Guinea 2007: the unions did not demand that Conté resign. The entry said the general strike began with unions demanding President Lansana Conté’s resignation. Human Rights Watch, reading the strike notice, records the demands as a consensus prime minister with real power over the government, renegotiation of mining, fishing and forestry contracts, and prosecution of officials accused of embezzlement. They wanted him to hand over the running of government, not to leave office. The entry now states the actual demands and adds the health ministry’s count of 129 dead and 1,764 wounded, with Human Rights Watch’s caution that the real toll was probably higher. The Global Nonviolent Action Database, which carried the resignation claim, has been dropped as a source. Read the entry.

Idi Amin: Obote was not at the summit, and Amin did not say “president”. The entry said the January 1971 coup deposed Milton Obote while he was at a Commonwealth summit in Singapore. The summit ran from 14 to 22 January; the coup came on the 25th, as he flew home. It also said Amin declared himself president. The Guardian’s dispatch from Kampala on the day has him proclaiming himself Supreme Commander and Head of State, dissolving parliament and taking the defence ministry; the oath of office came five days later. Both are fixed, and History.com, which carried the summit claim, has been dropped as a source. Read the entry.

Sudan’s September Laws: “without a parliamentary vote” was too strong. The 1983 laws were promulgated as provisional orders under the president’s power to legislate when the People’s Assembly was not sitting, and took effect on promulgation, which supports the entry’s “overnight”. But a ratifying vote did follow. The Assembly could not amend a provisional order, only approve or reject it whole, and it approved. The entry now says so. Read the entry.

Gatumba: the entry carried the lower of two published tolls. It said at least 152 Congolese refugees were killed at the Gatumba camp in Burundi in August 2004, which is Human Rights Watch’s count. Researchers at Clark University put the dead at 166. The entry now gives both figures and attributes each, and states the 106 wounded rather than “more than 100”. Read the entry.

Three entries were in the present tense, and one had a broken word. We reported earlier in this pass that a scan for present-tense entries across the archive returned nothing. That was wrong: the pattern required the verb to follow “is” directly, so anything with an adverb between them slipped through. Rerunning it properly found three. Isaac Woodard “is severely beaten and blinded”. The Yekatit 12 entry “Ethiopian nationalists attempt to assassinate”, which also ended on the words “triggering brutal reprisal massacred”, a mangled word left by an earlier tense conversion. And the 1966 Ghana coup entry mixing tenses inside one sentence, “overthrew … while he is abroad”. All three are fixed.

Yekatit 12: the entry recorded the assassination attempt but not the massacre. It described Ethiopian nationalists attempting to kill the Italian viceroy Graziani and stopped there. Two Eritreans threw grenades at him, wounding him and killing seven. Italian forces and blackshirts then spent three days killing Ethiopians across Addis Ababa. Ethiopian sources put the dead at 30,000, Ian Campbell’s 2017 study at about 19,200 or a fifth of the city, and other estimates from 1,400. Read the entry.

Isaac Woodard: the entry stopped at the beating. Police chief Lynwood Shull drove the end of a blackjack into Woodard’s eyes and blinded him for life. Shull was charged with violating Woodard’s civil rights, tried before an all-white jury, and acquitted. The case pushed President Truman toward the first federal civil rights measures. Read the entry.

Idriss Déby: we gave the army’s account as fact. The entry said Déby died from wounds sustained while visiting troops fighting rebels on the front line, and called him one of the few sitting heads of state killed in combat. That is the Chadian army’s version. No details of his death were ever released, published accounts differ substantially, and rebels were later put on trial over the killing. The entry now attributes the account rather than asserting it, and the superlative, which rested on it, has been removed. Read the entry.

Six colonial engagements were missing the casualty ratio. Arogee, Ulundi, Kambula, Tel el-Kebir, Abu Klea and Tondibi were all written as outcomes without figures. Arogee: 700 Ethiopian dead and 1,200 wounded against two British killed. Tel el-Kebir: about 2,000 Egyptians against 57 British. Ulundi: 473 Zulu against thirteen to eighteen. Kambula: between 758 and 2,000 against 29. Abu Klea: about 1,100 Mahdists against 74. None of the entries was wrong; each omitted the figure that describes what happened. Read the entry.

A Rwanda entry has been removed as unverifiable. An entry dated 10 December 1994 said a UN military advisor had recommended that the UNAMIR peacekeeping force in Rwanda stand down, “months before the 1994 genocide began”. The genocide began in April 1994, eight months earlier, so the entry contradicted its own date, and nothing on 10 December in either 1993 or 1994 matches the claim. Human Rights Watch’s day-by-day chronology of the warnings to UNAMIR has entries for 1, 2, 3, 8 and 17 to 28 December 1993 and nothing resembling it. Rather than guess which event it garbled, we have removed it.

Sétif and Guelma: “hundreds” was below every published estimate. We wrote that French colonial forces killed hundreds of Algerian civilians. French authorities themselves first counted 1,020. Algerian nationalists said 45,000 and independent Algeria adopted that figure. Historians generally put it between 8,000 and 20,000, and American intelligence at the time reported 30,000. The entry now gives the range and says who produced each number. Read the entry.

The Khartoum massacre: “scores”, and the state’s own denial. We had security forces killing scores of protesters. More than a hundred were killed by most counts, at least forty bodies were recovered from the Nile and doctors recorded more than seventy rapes. The committee appointed by the ruling military council said 87 had died and that no rapes had taken place, which the entry now records. Read the entry.

Cassinga: the toll, and a description that took one side. We had several hundred killed at what the entry called a refugee camp. Angola’s count is 624 dead and 611 wounded, including 167 women and 298 children and teenagers. What the place was has never been settled: South Africa said a SWAPO military headquarters, SWAPO said a refugee camp, and a UN report described somewhere holding both. The entry now says so rather than choosing. Read the entry.

The Shell House massacre: nineteen, and what followed. We had dozens of IFP marchers killed. Nineteen died at Shell House and 53 across Johannesburg that day. The Nugent commission found the shooting unjustified, Nelson Mandela said in 1995 that he had given the order to defend the building even if people had to be killed, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted amnesty to eleven of those involved. Read the entry.

The Battle of Mogadishu: the Somali dead are disputed. We had eighteen US soldiers and hundreds of Somalis. The Somali figure runs from Aidid’s 315, which the Red Cross called plausible, through the US task force’s estimate of 300 to 500, to counts as high as 1,500. The entry now gives the range and attributes it. Read the entry.

The Atlanta race massacre began on 22 September. The entry sat on 24 September. The mobs formed on the evening of the 22nd, after the papers ran unsubstantiated reports of Black men assaulting white women, and the violence ran over the following days. The entry has moved, and “dozens” has become the actual range: 25 to 40 Black people killed by most estimates, unofficial counts from 10 to 100, and two white people. Read the entry.

The Pya-Hodo massacre: wrong force, and twenty rather than dozens. We wrote that Togolese colonial police killed dozens of demonstrators. It was the French colonial army, and twenty people were killed. The crowd had gathered at the Hoda market over the arrest of the nationalist Bouyo Moukpé. Read the entry.

The Soweto uprising had no death toll in it. The entry described the shooting without saying how many died. The official figure for the uprising was 176. The government’s own Cillie Commission found 575 dead, 451 of them from police action, and 3,907 injured. Both figures have been disputed as too low. Read the entry.

The Yelwa massacre was not two-sided. We described days of sectarian violence between Christian and Muslim communities that killed hundreds. About 630 Muslim residents were killed by armed fighters of the mainly Christian Tarok, in reprisal for earlier attacks on Tarok villagers, and reprisals against Christians followed in Kano. Human Rights Watch counted more than 700 dead across the cycle that began in February. Read the entry.

The Vaal uprising: who was killed, and by whom. We had dozens killed as police clashed with residents. Between 26 and 31 people died within days and about 300 were injured. Three of the dead were town councillors killed by crowds, including the deputy mayor Kuzwayo Dlamini, and six people were later sentenced to death for that killing as the Sharpeville Six. Read the entry.

The Kwara boat sank on 12 June, and the entry was thin on why. We had it on 13 June. The boat went down between three and four in the morning on the 12th. About 250 people were aboard, crowded on because heavy rain had stranded them after a wedding, and the hull broke in two on a submerged tree. At least 106 drowned and 144 were pulled out alive. The entry has moved. Read the entry.

The Hwange elephant poisoning: 41 was the first count. We had at least 41 elephants. That figure was from the first days. It rose to 81, then 91, and a later assessment identified 105 carcasses inside the park and 30 outside. Read the entry.

MV Le Joola: the recorded toll is 1,863. We had more than 1,800. The recorded figure is 1,863 dead with 65 survivors, and victims’ associations put it above 2,000. The entry now also carries what made it a disaster: licensed for 536 passengers and officially carrying 1,928. Senegal closed its inquiry by blaming the captain, who died in the sinking, a French investigation naming seven Senegalese officials was dropped for want of jurisdiction, nobody was prosecuted and the wreck was never raised. Read the entry.

The Brazzaville arms depot explosion: at least 250 was low. Trial records put the dead at 282 and other counts at 300 or more, with about 2,300 injured and 17,000 people left without homes. Read the entry.

The Okobie tanker explosion: 95 at the scene, 121 in the end. We had more than 100. Rescuers recovered 95 bodies at the site and the toll was later put at 121. The entry now also says why so many died: the tanker spilled into a ditch, hundreds came to collect the petrol, and it exploded about forty minutes later. Read the entry.

The Mogadishu education ministry bombings: 121, not more than 100. The toll reached 121 with more than 300 wounded. The entry described “a busy junction”; the bombs went off outside the education ministry at the Zobe junction while secondary school students and their families were collecting graduation certificates. Al-Shabaab claimed the attack. Read the entry.

Tropical Storm Domoina: 242 deaths, not 214. The toll across Madagascar, Mozambique, Swaziland and South Africa was 242, with about $200 million in damage. Read the entry.

Tropical Storm Irina: the deaths were not all in Madagascar. We wrote that Irina killed more than 75 people as it passed through Madagascar. The 77 dead were spread across Madagascar, Mozambique and South Africa. Read the entry.

Idi Amin: 300,000 was given as settled. The entry stated an estimated 300,000 killed as fact. The International Commission of Jurists put it at not fewer than 80,000 and probably around 300,000; a count compiled by exile groups with Amnesty International gave 500,000. The entry now gives both, and records that he died without ever being tried. Read the entry.

The Second Congo War: the death toll is disputed. We called it the deadliest war in modern African history without saying that the claim rests on the International Rescue Committee’s estimate of 5.4 million excess deaths, which the Human Security Report Project disputed on method and baseline. Both are now in the entry, along with the fact that most of those deaths were from disease and hunger rather than fighting. Read the entry.

The December 2013 Kinshasa attacks: who the attackers were. We described anti-government forces attacking government buildings and clashes that killed over 100 people. The attackers were followers of the preacher Paul Joseph Mukungubila, and the dead were overwhelmingly theirs: about 54 in Kinshasa and 47 more in clashes at Lubumbashi and Kolwezi. Read the entry.

The Congo peacekeepers were not the UN’s first. The entry said the first United Nations peacekeeping troops arrived in Léopoldville in July 1960. UNEF I had gone to Sinai in 1956 and UNTSO to the Middle East in 1948. These were the first troops of the Congo operation, which the entry now says, along with what that operation was: the UN’s first large-scale peacekeeping mission, about 20,000 strong at its peak. Read the entry.

The Haitian Revolution began on 22 August, not 21 August. The entry sat on 21 August and said enslaved people rose that night. The Bois Caïman ceremony is dated variously to 14 or 21 August; the rising itself began on the night of 22 to 23 August, when the estates of the northern plain behind Cap Français were burned, which is why UNESCO marks 23 August as the International Day for the Remembrance of the Slave Trade and its Abolition. The entry has moved. We also loosened “the only successful slave revolt in modern history” to the claim that can actually be checked: the only slave uprising that ended in the founding of an independent state. Read the entry.

Simon Muzenda: two posts had been folded into one. We described Muzenda as Zimbabwe’s first vice-president for 23 years. He was deputy prime minister from independence in 1980 until that post was abolished in 1987, and first vice-president from then until his death in 2003. The 23 years is the two offices together, not the vice-presidency. Read the entry.

Muhsin Hendricks was killed in Gqeberha, not near Cape Town. We placed the shooting near Cape Town, where Hendricks was based. He was killed in Gqeberha, about 750km away, as he left to officiate an interfaith wedding. The entry now also carries the two masked men who fired into his car, the death threats his family says he had been receiving, and the deputy justice minister’s call for the killing to be investigated as a hate crime. Read the entry.

The Gulf of Sidra shootdown: the American account was stated as fact. We wrote that US jets shot down two Libyan aircraft after being fired upon. That is the United States’ account, and it is now attributed as such, alongside Libya’s claim to have destroyed an F-14 and the American denial of it. This entry had been left deliberately unsourced in an earlier session for want of good references. Read the entry.

Macías Nguema: “a large share of the population” has numbers. The entry said his regime killed or exiled a large share of Equatorial Guinea’s population. Of about 300,000 people, more than 50,000 were killed and 125,000 fled the country. The entry now gives those figures and the charges the military tribunal tried him on. Read the entry.

Boughera El Ouafi: 1928 was not France’s first Olympic marathon gold. We credited El Ouafi with France’s first Olympic marathon gold. France had already been credited with the 1900 marathon, won by Michel Théato, whose nationality the IOC reassigned to Luxembourg in its own data only in 2021. Under the record as it stood, El Ouafi’s was France’s second. The claim has been removed. Read the entry.

Mainza Chona: first prime minister of the republic, not of the country. The entry called Chona Zambia’s first prime minister without qualification. Kenneth Kaunda held that title in Northern Rhodesia in 1964. Chona was the first prime minister of the Republic of Zambia, when the office was revived in 1973. Read the entry.

The Yaoundé tanker fire: we used the state radio figure. We had about 120 dead, which was the number state radio gave. Early wire reports counted about 100, the Irish Times reported 120 with 150 injured, and later accounts put the toll at 200 or more. The entry now gives the spread and says where each figure came from. Read the entry.

The St James Church massacre: the amnesty was missing. The entry recorded eleven people killed and nothing else. Fifty-eight were wounded, four of the dead were Russian sailors attending as guests of the church, one of the four attackers was convicted of the murders and jailed for 23 years, and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission granted all of them amnesty in 1998. Read the entry.

The Farafra attack: 22 border guards, and a state of emergency we could not source. We had at least 21 soldiers killed and said Egypt declared a state of emergency on its border with Sudan. The military’s own account gives 22 border guards, most of them killed when a grenade set off the checkpoint’s ammunition store. Nothing found supports the state of emergency, so it has been removed; three days of national mourning is what the reporting records. Read the entry.

The Igandu train disaster: not Africa’s deadliest. We called it the deadliest rail accident in African history. It killed 281. About 400 people died when an express train left the rails above the Awash ravine in Ethiopia in 1985, which is the worst rail disaster the continent has had. The entry now says so instead of claiming the record. Read the entry.

The Rabaa massacre: “hundreds” was doing too much work. The entry said Egyptian security forces killed hundreds of Morsi supporters. Human Rights Watch documented at least 817 killed at the Rab’a sit-in in a single day and judges the real figure likely above 1,000, part of at least 1,150 protesters killed that summer. The interior ministry had planned for deaths in the thousands, the prime minister said afterwards that the government had expected far worse, and not one officer has been held to account. Read the entry.

The Bentiu massacre: we folded the wounded into the dead. We had more than 400 civilians killed. The UN mission reported more than 200 killed and over 400 wounded at the Kali-Ballee mosque, and the later investigation put the toll across all the attacks at at least 353 killed and 250 wounded. The entry also did not say that opposition SPLA forces carried them out, that people were picked out by ethnicity and nationality, or that a local radio station was broadcasting calls to drive groups out and to rape women from rival communities. Read the entry.

The Philippeville massacre: the numbers on both sides. We said dozens of French settlers were killed and that reprisals followed. 123 civilians died, 71 of them French. The French government said its sweeps killed 1,273 guerrillas; the FLN and The Times said 12,000 Algerians. The entry now carries both figures rather than the word “brutal”. Read the entry.

The Plateau State massacres: the toll, and the wrong community. We had over 200 killed and described the victims as Berom. Amnesty International Nigeria counted 194 and the state information commissioner 195. Most of the deaths were in Bokkos and Mangu rather than Barkin Ladi, so the entry now names the areas attacked instead of an ethnicity that does not fit them. Read the entry.

The Mogadishu truck bombing: nobody claimed it, and there were two bombs. The entry said the bombing was carried out by al-Shabab. No group claimed it. The government blamed al-Shabaab, which neither confirmed nor denied it, as it tends not to when an attack kills this many civilians. The government committee’s final figures are 512 killed, 312 wounded and 62 missing, and two truck bombs went off, not one. Read the entry.

The Tana River violence: the toll and what was behind it. We described ethnic clashes over grazing and water rights leaving more than 52 dead. Fifty-four people were killed at Riketa alone, most of them women and children, and the violence had killed more than 110 by September. Human Rights Watch found politicians seeking seats in the following year’s elections involved on both sides, and police who had ignored six months of warnings from residents. Read the entry.

The LRA Christmas massacres: the entry was a stub. It recorded only that attacks began. Human Rights Watch documented more than 865 Congolese civilians killed and about 476 children abducted, the killings carried out with clubs, axes and machetes, ten days after Ugandan, Congolese and southern Sudanese forces launched Operation Lightning Thunder with no provision made for protecting civilians from the reprisals that followed. Read the entry.

The El Ayyat train fire: the count, and the conditions. We had over 370 dead. Officials counted 373. The entry left out what made it lethal: the third-class carriages were built for 150 passengers and held about twice that, bars across the windows blocked the way out, and the train ran two and a half miles before it stopped. Read the entry.

The 2009 Boko Haram uprising: Mohammed Yusuf was missing from it. The entry recorded the fighting and the death toll but not the killing that followed it. Yusuf, the group’s founder, was captured by soldiers and handed to police in Maiduguri, where he was dead within hours, having been seen at the military barracks shortly before with no visible injuries. His death in custody is generally taken as the point at which the group turned to insurgency. Read the entry.

Ali Kafi: he died in Geneva, not Algiers. We gave the place of death as Algiers. Kafi died in Geneva after an illness. The entry also called him acting president following the 1992 coup; he took over Algeria’s High Council of State in July 1992 after Mohamed Boudiaf was assassinated, and held it until January 1994. Read the entry.

Chad, March 2006: wrong rebel group and, on the reporting, wrong number. The entry said more than 150 Chadian soldiers were killed by rebels of the United Front for Democratic Change. The fighting near Adé and Moudeina was against the Rally for Democracy and Liberty, with about a thousand men on each side, and the army’s losses were reported as dozens killed and about 60 wounded. Chad’s army chief of staff, General Abakar Youssouf Itno, was among the dead, which the entry did not mention. Read the entry.

The Morocco earthquake: not the deadliest in over a century. We called it the country’s deadliest earthquake in over a century. Agadir in 1960 killed 12,000 to 15,000 people, sixty-three years earlier. It was the deadliest in more than 60 years, and it was the strongest recorded in Morocco, which is the superlative that holds. Read the entry.

The Lake Victoria ferry disaster: the toll, and the warning beforehand. We had at least 224 dead. Tanzanian authorities settled on 228, with 41 rescued. The entry also left out what turned an accident into a disaster: the MV Nyerere was licensed for about 100 passengers and carrying perhaps twice that, nobody aboard wore a life jacket, and six days earlier the local member of parliament had told the National Assembly the ferry was malfunctioning and needed repair. Read the entry.

Neil Aggett: the 1982 suicide finding was overturned in 2022. The entry said only that Aggett died in police detention after 70 days without trial. He was found hanged in his cell at John Vorster Square, a 1982 inquest ruled it suicide, and a reopened inquest in 2022 found that Security Branch officers had killed him, the judge calling the original finding a serious error of judgment. Nobody has been prosecuted. Read the entry.

Shukri Ghanem: he was found in the Danube. We wrote that Gaddafi’s former prime minister and oil minister died in Vienna. He was found dead in the Danube. Police said the body showed no external signs of violence and a post-mortem found he had drowned. How a defected Gaddafi minister came to be found dead is the substance of the entry, and it was missing. Read the entry.

Michael Brown and Ferguson: what the investigations found. The entry stopped at the protests. The officer who shot Brown is now named, and the entry records that the Justice Department closed its investigation into the shooting without federal charges while its parallel investigation found that Ferguson’s police and municipal court discriminated against Black residents deliberately, who were 67 percent of the population but more than 90 percent of arrests and traffic stops. Read the entry.

The Monrovia rice riots: one number from a very wide range. We had more than 70 dead in clashes with police. More than 12,000 people marched against the agriculture minister’s plan to raise imported rice from $22 to $26 a hundredweight, soldiers and police fired on them and about 500 were wounded. Counts of the dead run from dozens to more than 70, and a Liberian history archive puts them in the hundreds. The entry now gives the range. Read the entry.

The 1945 Tripolitania pogrom: who was killed, and who was governing. We wrote that riots killed more than 100 people across the region. More than 140 Jews were killed over three days, hundreds were injured and almost every synagogue in Tripoli was looted. The entry did not say that the victims were Jews being targeted, or that Libya was under British military administration at the time and the authorities were criticised for how slowly they moved. Read the entry.

The Rwandan genocide: the toll was understated, and the peacekeepers were missing. We wrote that hundreds of thousands were killed over the following 100 days. The United Nations estimate is more than a million, along with 150,000 to 250,000 women raped. The entry also recorded the killing of Prime Minister Agathe Uwilingiyimana without the ten Belgian peacekeepers assigned to protect her, who were killed with her. Read the entry.

The Gujba college attack: the toll and what the attackers wore. We had at least 42 students and staff. A Nigerian military spokesman put the dead at as many as 50. The entry now carries that some of the gunmen were in Nigerian army uniforms, that the victims were mostly aged 18 to 22, and that the attackers went through four male hostels and left the female hostel alone. Read the entry.

The Sharm el-Sheikh bombings: a number without the attack or the victims. The entry gave 88 dead and little else. There were three bombs, at the Old Market and in the Naama Bay hotel strip, the largest a truck bomb driven into the lobby of the Ghazala Gardens hotel. More than 200 people were wounded, and most of the dead were Egyptians rather than foreign tourists. Read the entry.

The Baga massacre: soldiers, not clashes. We described clashes between Boko Haram and government soldiers that left as many as 200 civilians dead. Boko Haram killed one soldier at a patrol outside Baga; soldiers came back with reinforcements and ransacked the town. Community leaders counted 183 bodies and about 2,000 burned homes. The military said 30 houses had been destroyed and blamed Boko Haram for setting the fires, and satellite images analysed by Human Rights Watch found 2,275 buildings destroyed and 125 more badly damaged. Read the entry.

The Accra Sports Stadium disaster: the toll was 126, and the story did not end with the tear gas. We had 129 dead. The figure is 126. The entry also stopped at the police firing tear gas. Many of the exit gates were locked, the commission of inquiry blamed the police for overreacting, and the six officers charged with manslaughter were all acquitted. Read the entry.

Makala prison: the government’s figure was the whole entry. We gave the official 129 and left it there. The interior minister said 24 of the dead had been shot and that most of the rest died in a crush, a prison rights campaigner put the toll above 200, and Human Rights Watch documented rapes of women held at the prison that night. The prison was built in 1957 for 1,500 people and held between 12,000 and 14,000. Read the entry.

Soweto, August 1986: it was council police, and it was an eviction. The entry said South African security forces killed at least 28 people in Soweto. The 28 died in White City, Jabavu, resisting council police who were evicting households that had joined the rent boycott. Read the entry.

The Relizane massacres: three villages, not four, and two different counts. We had about 400 people killed across four villages. Three villages were attacked, Kherarba, Ouled Sahnine and Ouled Tayeb, on the first day of Ramadan. Hospital estimates put the dead at 386 and the press reported 412, with more than 120 wounded. More than 300 more people were killed in three other villages of the same region on 4 January 1998. Read the entry.

The Thalit massacre: the attackers were never identified. We wrote that Islamist guerrillas killed all but one of the 53 inhabitants. More than 50 people were killed over the night of 3 to 4 April 1997 and the attackers were never identified, the same problem as at Guelb el-Kebir and Si Zerrouk. The single survivor is what reports at the time said, and is now attributed that way. Read the entry.

The Guelb el-Kebir massacre: filed on the wrong day, and wrongly attributed. The entry sat on 19 September and said Islamist militants killed 53 people. The massacre near Beni Slimane happened on 20 September 1997, and the attackers were never identified. No group claimed it. The entry has moved to the 20th and now says who blamed whom, along with Human Rights Watch’s finding that allegations of security force collusion in that year’s massacres were persistent enough to require an independent investigation the government refused to hold. Read the entry.

The Si Zerrouk massacre: no perpetrator, no place, one number. We had “about 50 people were killed” and nothing else. Counts run from 36 upward, the district sits at the edge of Larbaa south of Algiers, and the chronology compiled for the Permanent Peoples’ Tribunal records that the power was cut that afternoon and that the killing happened less than a hundred metres from an army barracks and a gendarmerie post. Read the entry.

Marikana: the wrong benchmark, and most of the story missing. We called it the deadliest use of force by security forces since the end of apartheid. The measure SERI uses is since the Soweto uprising of 1976. The entry now also carries the 78 wounded and roughly 250 arrested that day, the ten people killed earlier that week, the 270 miners charged with the murders of the men the police had shot under an apartheid-era common purpose doctrine, and the fact that by the fourteenth anniversary nobody had been prosecuted over 16 August while the nine officers charged over other deaths that week were all acquitted. Read the entry.

The 2001 Angola train attack: UNITA’s account was left out. The entry blamed UNITA flatly for around 250 deaths. UNITA did admit the attack, three days later, while calling the train a military target carrying troops and munitions. The army denied any soldiers were aboard and survivors said the soldiers on board were guarding it. Early reports counted 150 dead against the later figure of more than 250. Read the entry.

The Massacre of the Sixty: sixty is the name, not the count. We wrote that the Derg executed 60 former imperial officials. Human Rights Watch puts the number shot at 58. The round sixty takes in General Aman Andom, who had chaired the Derg until days earlier and was killed at his house the night before as soldiers came to arrest him. Read the entry.

Samuel Doe: the rebels named, and where it happened. The entry said Doe was captured and killed by rebel forces. He was seized at Monrovia’s Freeport by fighters of Prince Johnson’s Independent National Patriotic Front and tortured to death. A witness told Liberia’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission that Johnson led him away in front of the commander of the West African peacekeeping force, who turned his back and walked into his office. Read the entry.

Iva Valley: the cause of the strike, and an officer we could not name reliably. The entry gave the shooting without the dispute behind it. The miners had stopped work over back pay owed for a casual-labour system later ruled illegal and had occupied the mine. Three sources gave the officer who ordered the shooting three different ranks and two spellings, so the entry now says only that a British officer gave the order. Read the entry.

The Rais massacre: we led with the first official figure. We had “at least 98 villagers”, which was the initial official count. The government later told the UN 238, and hospital staff and witnesses gave figures from 200 to 400 and above. The entry now gives the range and says who produced each number. Read the entry.

The Gatumba massacre: unnamed gunmen, and a toll that was too high. We wrote that gunmen killed 156 Congolese Tutsi refugees. The attackers were largely from the Hutu rebel Forces for National Liberation, the toll Human Rights Watch and the UN give is at least 152 with more than 100 wounded, the dead were Banyamulenge targeted by ethnicity, and no one has been prosecuted. Read the entry.

Ngarbuh: the perpetrator was missing and the toll was the government’s. The entry said at least 22 people including children were killed, without saying by whom. Cameroonian soldiers and armed ethnic Fulani carried out the raid, killing at least 21 civilians including 13 children and a pregnant woman. The government said five had died and called the reports fake before an inquiry acknowledged its troops were involved. Read the entry.

The 1961 Paris massacre: one word covered a fifty-year dispute. We wrote that police killed scores of Algerian protesters. France put the toll at three for decades, acknowledged 40 in 1998, and historians now estimate 120 to 300. The entry gives all three and names Papon, whose curfew the demonstration was against. Read the entry.

The 2009 Conakry stadium massacre: the mass rape was left out. We had at least 150 killed and stopped there. The UN-mandated inquiry found 156 killed and at least 109 women and girls raped, against the junta’s acknowledged 57. The entry now carries both, along with Moussa Dadis Camara’s 2024 conviction for crimes against humanity. Read the entry.

September 2026

These came out of a deliberate check rather than a reader's report. We pulled twenty articles at random and re-verified every date, figure, quotation and absolute claim in them against the sources, then ran the same check across the articles carrying the thinnest sourcing. Seven of the twenty random articles needed a correction. Everything that check turned up is listed below.

Britain's transatlantic slave trade: Britain was not the largest carrier. The article called Britain "the single largest national carrier in the trade's history". Portuguese and Brazilian ships carried more than 5.8 million people against Britain's 3.1 to 3.4 million. Britain led the eighteenth century, which the article says separately and correctly. The same piece dated the Slavery Abolition Act as taking effect in 1838; it took effect on August 1, 1834, with the apprenticeship period running to 1838. Read the article.

Gorée Island: not every US president has visited. We wrote that every US president since Bill Clinton had made the trip. Clinton, George W. Bush and Barack Obama did. Trump and Biden did not. The fact card also dated the Portuguese arrival on the island to 1536, which is when slave trading there is first documented. The Portuguese reached Gorée in 1444. Read the article.

Herodotus on the Ethiopians: wrong book, and a misread passage. The fact card cited Book 3 of the Histories. The passage is Book 7, chapter 70. The text says the two groups of Ethiopians differed "only in speech and hair", not in one respect, and the comparison with the woolliest-haired Libyans sits in that same sentence rather than elsewhere in the work. We also cut a claim that Herodotus attributed the difference to climate, which the passage does not say, and rewrote the paragraph on the Colchians: it presented skin and hair as his evidence for shared Egyptian ancestry when he discards that evidence in the next clause and rests his argument on circumcision instead. Read the article.

The CIA's 1970 Nigeria report: wrong report number and wrong authorship. We gave the report number as "Special Report No. 668" and said four CIA offices prepared it jointly. The declassified record shows neither: the file reference is SR 0372/70A, and the source note states it was issued by the Office of Current Intelligence alone. The quotations from the report were accurate. Read the article.

Nelson Mandela walks free: the length of his imprisonment. We had 27 years, five months and six days. From the arrest on August 5, 1962 to his release on February 11, 1990 is six months, not five. The entry now uses the Nelson Mandela Foundation's own count. Read the article.

The Zanzibar Revolution: how long the sultanate lasted. We described Zanzibar as having been independent "a month short of a year" when the revolution came. Independence was December 10, 1963 and the uprising was January 12, 1964, so it had lasted barely a month. Read the article.

Haile Selassie's coronation: Ethiopia was not the only independent African member of the League of Nations. Liberia had been a member since 1919 and was equally independent. Ethiopia was one of two. The third African member, the Union of South Africa, was a British dominion at the time. Read the article.

Kofi Busia: the Oxford claim could not be confirmed. The article said Busia was the first African admitted to University College, Oxford. No source we could find supports that. Replaced with what the record does show: he read philosophy, politics and economics there from 1939 to 1941 and returned after the war for a doctorate at Nuffield College. Read the article.

Che Guevara's Congo expedition: the size of the Cuban force. Given as roughly 100 to 130 volunteers. Published accounts put it between 120 and 150, so the lower bound was too low. Now stated as around 120 to 130, with the variation noted. Read the article.

Gowon's 1975 overthrow: an unverifiable claim removed. The article called him the only Nigerian head of state removed from office while abroad. We found no exception, but no source affirms it either, so it has been cut. The documented detail, that he learned of the coup from a note handed to him mid-summit, stands. Read the article.

July 2026

MLK Nobel Prize article: publish date corrected. The article's visible "published" date and structured data both showed a 2017 date taken from its source material rather than the date this researched write-up actually went live. Fixed to show the real publish date.

More entries will be added here as corrections happen. This log starts July 2026, and isn't a complete history of every fix made before this page existed, only what's tracked going forward. An earlier internal audit in August 2026 corrected a larger batch of errors across the archive; those fixes predate this log's itemised entries and were not recorded individually at the time.